gguf : new file format with flexible meta data (beta) (#2398)

* gguf : first API pass

* gguf : read header + meta data

* gguf : read tensor info

* gguf : initial model loading - not tested

* gguf : add gguf_get_tensor_name()

* gguf : do not support passing existing ggml_context to gguf_init

* gguf : simplify gguf_get_val

* gguf : gguf.c is now part of ggml.c

* gguf : read / write sample models

* gguf : add comments

* refactor : reduce code duplication and better API (#2415)

* gguf : expose the gguf_type enum through the API for now

* gguf : add array support

* gguf.py : some code style changes

* convert.py : start a new simplified implementation by removing old stuff

* convert.py : remove GGML vocab + other obsolete stuff

* GGUF : write tensor (#2426)

* WIP: Write tensor

* GGUF : Support writing tensors in Python

* refactor : rm unused import and upd todos

* fix : fix errors upd writing example

* rm example.gguf

* gitignore *.gguf

* undo formatting

* gguf : add gguf_find_key (#2438)

* gguf.cpp : find key example

* ggml.h : add gguf_find_key

* ggml.c : add gguf_find_key

* gguf : fix writing tensors

* gguf : do not hardcode tensor names to read

* gguf : write sample tensors to read

* gguf : add tokenization constants

* quick and dirty conversion example

* gguf : fix writing gguf arrays

* gguf : write tensors one by one and code reuse

* gguf : fix writing gguf arrays

* gguf : write tensors one by one

* gguf : write tensors one by one

* gguf : write tokenizer data

* gguf : upd gguf conversion script

* Update convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py

* gguf : handle already encoded string

* ggml.h : get array str and f32

* ggml.c : get arr str and f32

* gguf.py : support any type

* Update convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py

* gguf : fix set is not subscriptable

* gguf : update convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py

* constants.py : add layer norm eps

* gguf.py : add layer norm eps and merges

* ggml.h : increase GGML_MAX_NAME to 64

* ggml.c : add gguf_get_arr_n

* Update convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py

* add gptneox gguf example

* Makefile : add gptneox gguf example

* Update convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py

* add gptneox gguf example

* Update convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py

* Update convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py

* Update convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py

* Update convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py

* gguf : support custom alignment value

* gguf : fix typo in function call

* gguf : mmap tensor data example

* fix : update convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py

* Update convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py

* convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py : Special tokens

* gptneox-main.cpp : special tokens

* Update gptneox-main.cpp

* constants.py : special tokens

* gguf.py : accumulate kv and tensor info data + special tokens

* convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py : accumulate kv and ti + special tokens

* gguf : gguf counterpart of llama-util.h

* gguf-util.h : update note

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : accumulate kv / ti + special tokens

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : special tokens

* Delete gptneox-common.cpp

* Delete gptneox-common.h

* convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py : gpt2bpe tokenizer

* gptneox-main.cpp : gpt2 bpe tokenizer

* gpt2 bpe tokenizer (handles merges and unicode)

* Makefile : remove gptneox-common

* gguf.py : bytesarray for gpt2bpe tokenizer

* cmpnct_gpt2bpe.hpp : comments

* gguf.py : use custom alignment if present

* gguf : minor stuff

* Update gptneox-main.cpp

* map tensor names

* convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py : map tensor names

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : map tensor names

* gptneox-main.cpp : map tensor names

* gguf : start implementing libllama in GGUF (WIP)

* gguf : start implementing libllama in GGUF (WIP)

* rm binary commited by mistake

* upd .gitignore

* gguf : calculate n_mult

* gguf :  inference with 7B model working (WIP)

* gguf : rm deprecated function

* gguf : start implementing gguf_file_saver (WIP)

* gguf : start implementing gguf_file_saver (WIP)

* gguf : start implementing gguf_file_saver (WIP)

* gguf : add gguf_get_kv_type

* gguf : add gguf_get_kv_type

* gguf : write metadata in gguf_file_saver (WIP)

* gguf : write metadata in gguf_file_saver (WIP)

* gguf : write metadata in gguf_file_saver

* gguf : rm references to old file formats

* gguf : shorter name for member variable

* gguf : rm redundant method

* gguf : get rid of n_mult, read n_ff from file

* Update gguf_tensor_map.py

* Update gptneox-main.cpp

* gguf : rm references to old file magics

* gguf : start implementing quantization (WIP)

* gguf : start implementing quantization (WIP)

* gguf : start implementing quantization (WIP)

* gguf : start implementing quantization (WIP)

* gguf : start implementing quantization (WIP)

* gguf : start implementing quantization (WIP)

* gguf : quantization is working

* gguf : roper closing of file

* gguf.py : no need to convert tensors twice

* convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py : no need to convert tensors twice

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : no need to convert tensors twice

* convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py : simplify nbytes

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : simplify nbytes

* gptneox-main.cpp : n_layer --> n_block

* constants.py : n_layer --> n_block

* gguf.py : n_layer --> n_block

* convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py : n_layer --> n_block

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : n_layer --> n_block

* gptneox-main.cpp : n_layer --> n_block

* Update gguf_tensor_map.py

* convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py : load model in parts to save memory

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : load model in parts to save memory

* convert : write more metadata for LLaMA

* convert : rm quantization version

* convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py : add file_type key

* gptneox-main.cpp : add file_type key

* fix conflicts

* gguf : add todos and comments

* convert-gptneox-h5-to-gguf.py : tensor name map changes

* Create gguf_namemap.py : tensor name map changes

* Delete gguf_tensor_map.py

* gptneox-main.cpp : tensor name map changes

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : fixes

* gguf.py : dont add empty strings

* simple : minor style changes

* gguf : use UNIX line ending

* Create convert-llama-7b-pth-to-gguf.py

* llama : sync gguf-llama.cpp with latest llama.cpp (#2608)

* llama : sync gguf-llama.cpp with latest llama.cpp

* minor : indentation + assert

* llama : refactor gguf_buffer and gguf_ctx_buffer

* llama : minor

* gitignore : add gptneox-main

* llama : tokenizer fixes (#2549)

* Merge tokenizer fixes into the gguf branch.

* Add test vocabularies

* convert : update convert-new.py with tokenizer fixes (#2614)

* Merge tokenizer fixes into the gguf branch.

* Add test vocabularies

* Adapt convert-new.py (and fix a clang-cl compiler error on windows)

* llama : sync gguf-llama with llama (#2613)

* llama : sync gguf-llama with llama

* tests : fix build + warnings (test-tokenizer-1 still fails)

* tests : fix wstring_convert

* convert : fix layer names

* llama : sync gguf-llama.cpp

* convert : update HF converter to new tokenizer voodoo magics

* llama : update tokenizer style

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : add token types

* constants.py : add token types

* gguf.py : add token types

* convert-llama-7b-pth-to-gguf.py : add token types

* gguf-llama.cpp :  fix n_head_kv

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : add 70b gqa support

* gguf.py : add tensor data layout

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : add tensor data layout

* convert-llama-7b-pth-to-gguf.py : add tensor data layout

* gptneox-main.cpp : add tensor data layout

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : clarify the reverse permute

* llama : refactor model loading code (#2620)

* llama : style formatting + remove helper methods

* llama : fix quantization using gguf tool

* llama : simplify gguf_file_saver

* llama : fix method names

* llama : simplify write_header()

* llama : no need to pass full file loader to the file saver

just gguf_ctx

* llama : gguf_file_saver write I32

* llama : refactor tensor names (#2622)

* gguf: update tensor names searched in quantization

* gguf : define tensor names as constants

* gguf : initial write API (not tested yet)

* gguf : write to file API (not tested)

* gguf : initial write API ready + example

* gguf : fix header write

* gguf : fixes + simplify example + add ggml_nbytes_pad()

* gguf : minor

* llama : replace gguf_file_saver with new gguf write API

* gguf : streaming support when writing files

* gguf : remove oboslete write methods

* gguf : remove obosolete gguf_get_arr_xxx API

* llama : simplify gguf_file_loader

* llama : move hparams and vocab from gguf_file_loader to llama_model_loader

* llama : merge gguf-util.h in llama.cpp

* llama : reorder definitions in .cpp to match .h

* llama : minor simplifications

* llama : refactor llama_model_loader (WIP)

wip : remove ggml_ctx from llama_model_loader

wip : merge gguf_file_loader in llama_model_loader

* llama : fix shape prints

* llama : fix Windows build + fix norm_rms_eps key

* llama : throw error on missing KV paris in model meta data

* llama : improve printing + log meta data

* llama : switch print order of meta data

---------

Co-authored-by: M. Yusuf Sarıgöz <yusufsarigoz@gmail.com>

* gguf : deduplicate (#2629)

* gguf : better type names

* dedup : CPU + Metal is working

* ggml : fix warnings about unused results

* llama.cpp : fix line feed and compiler warning

* llama : fix strncpy warning + note token_to_str does not write null

* llama : restore the original load/save session implementation

Will migrate this to GGUF in the future

* convert-llama-h5-to-gguf.py : support alt ctx param name

* ggml : assert when using ggml_mul with non-F32 src1

* examples : dedup simple

---------

Co-authored-by: klosax <131523366+klosax@users.noreply.github.com>

* gguf.py : merge all files in gguf.py

* convert-new.py : pick #2427 for HF 70B support

* examples/gguf : no need to keep q option for quantization any more

* llama.cpp : print actual model size

* llama.cpp : use ggml_elements()

* convert-new.py : output gguf (#2635)

* convert-new.py : output gguf (WIP)

* convert-new.py : add gguf key-value pairs

* llama : add hparams.ctx_train + no longer print ftype

* convert-new.py : minor fixes

* convert-new.py : vocab-only option should work now

* llama : fix tokenizer to use llama_char_to_byte

* tests : add new ggml-vocab-llama.gguf

* convert-new.py : tensor name mapping

* convert-new.py : add map for skipping tensor serialization

* convert-new.py : convert script now works

* gguf.py : pick some of the refactoring from #2644

* convert-new.py : minor fixes

* convert.py : update to support GGUF output

* Revert "ci : disable CI temporary to not waste energy"

This reverts commit 7e82d25f40386540c2c15226300ad998ecd871ea.

* convert.py : n_head_kv optional and .gguf file extension

* convert.py : better always have n_head_kv and default it to n_head

* llama : sync with recent PRs on master

* editorconfig : ignore models folder

ggml-ci

* ci : update ".bin" to ".gguf" extension

ggml-ci

* llama : fix llama_model_loader memory leak

* gptneox : move as a WIP example

* llama : fix lambda capture

ggml-ci

* ggml : fix bug in gguf_set_kv

ggml-ci

* common.h : .bin --> .gguf

* quantize-stats.cpp : .bin --> .gguf

* convert.py : fix HF tensor permuting / unpacking

ggml-ci

* llama.cpp : typo

* llama : throw error if gguf fails to init from file

ggml-ci

* llama : fix tensor name grepping during quantization

ggml-ci

* gguf.py : write tensors in a single pass (#2644)

* gguf : single pass for writing tensors + refactoring writer

* gguf : single pass for writing tensors + refactoring writer

* gguf : single pass for writing tensors + refactoring writer

* gguf : style fixes in simple conversion script

* gguf : refactor gptneox conversion script

* gguf : rename h5 to hf (for HuggingFace)

* gguf : refactor pth to gguf conversion script

* gguf : rm file_type key and method

* gguf.py : fix vertical alignment

* gguf.py : indentation

---------

Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>

* convert-gptneox-hf-to-gguf.py : fixes

* gguf.py : gptneox mapping

* convert-llama-hf-to-gguf.py : fixes

* convert-llama-7b-pth-to-gguf.py : fixes

* ggml.h : reverse GGUF_MAGIC

* gguf.py : reverse GGUF_MAGIC

* test-tokenizer-0.cpp : fix warning

* llama.cpp : print kv general.name

* llama.cpp : get special token kv and linefeed token id

* llama : print number of tensors per type + print arch + style

* tests : update vocab file with new magic

* editorconfig : fix whitespaces

* llama : re-order functions

* llama : remove C++ API + reorganize common source in /common dir

* llama : minor API updates

* llama : avoid hardcoded special tokens

* llama : fix MPI build

ggml-ci

* llama : introduce enum llama_vocab_type + remove hardcoded string constants

* convert-falcon-hf-to-gguf.py : falcon HF --> gguf conversion, not tested

* falcon-main.cpp : falcon inference example

* convert-falcon-hf-to-gguf.py : remove extra kv

* convert-gptneox-hf-to-gguf.py : remove extra kv

* convert-llama-7b-pth-to-gguf.py : remove extra kv

* convert-llama-hf-to-gguf.py : remove extra kv

* gguf.py : fix for falcon 40b

* falcon-main.cpp : fix for falcon 40b

* convert-falcon-hf-to-gguf.py : update ref

* convert-falcon-hf-to-gguf.py : add tensor data layout

* cmpnct_gpt2bpe.hpp : fixes

* falcon-main.cpp : fixes

* gptneox-main.cpp : fixes

* cmpnct_gpt2bpe.hpp : remove non-general stuff

* Update examples/server/README.md

Co-authored-by: slaren <slarengh@gmail.com>

* cmpnct_gpt2bpe.hpp : cleanup

* convert-llama-hf-to-gguf.py : special tokens

* convert-llama-7b-pth-to-gguf.py : special tokens

* convert-permute-debug.py : permute debug print

* convert-permute-debug-master.py : permute debug for master

* convert-permute-debug.py : change permute type of attn_q

* convert.py : 70b model working (change attn_q permute)

* Delete convert-permute-debug-master.py

* Delete convert-permute-debug.py

* convert-llama-hf-to-gguf.py : fix attn_q permute

* gguf.py : fix rope scale kv

* convert-llama-hf-to-gguf.py : rope scale and added tokens

* convert-llama-7b-pth-to-gguf.py : rope scale and added tokens

* llama.cpp : use rope scale kv

* convert-llama-7b-pth-to-gguf.py : rope scale fix

* convert-llama-hf-to-gguf.py : rope scale fix

* py : fix whitespace

* gguf : add Python script to convert GGMLv3 LLaMA models to GGUF (#2682)

* First pass at converting GGMLv3 LLaMA models to GGUF

* Cleanups, better output during conversion

* Fix vocab space conversion logic

* More vocab conversion fixes

* Add description to converted GGUF files

* Improve help text, expand warning

* Allow specifying name and description for output GGUF

* Allow overriding vocab and hyperparams from original model metadata

* Use correct params override var name

* Fix wrong type size for Q8_K

Better handling of original style metadata

* Set default value for gguf add_tensor raw_shape KW arg

* llama : improve token type support (#2668)

* Merge tokenizer fixes into the gguf branch.

* Add test vocabularies

* Adapt convert-new.py (and fix a clang-cl compiler error on windows)

* Improved tokenizer test

But does it work on MacOS?

* Improve token type support

- Added @klosax code to convert.py
- Improved token type support in vocabulary

* Exclude platform dependent tests

* More sentencepiece compatibility by eliminating magic numbers

* Restored accidentally removed comment

* llama : add API for token type

ggml-ci

* tests : use new tokenizer type API (#2692)

* Merge tokenizer fixes into the gguf branch.

* Add test vocabularies

* Adapt convert-new.py (and fix a clang-cl compiler error on windows)

* Improved tokenizer test

But does it work on MacOS?

* Improve token type support

- Added @klosax code to convert.py
- Improved token type support in vocabulary

* Exclude platform dependent tests

* More sentencepiece compatibility by eliminating magic numbers

* Restored accidentally removed comment

* Improve commentary

* Use token type API in test-tokenizer-1.cpp

* py : cosmetics

* readme : add notice about new file format

ggml-ci

---------

Co-authored-by: M. Yusuf Sarıgöz <yusufsarigoz@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: klosax <131523366+klosax@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: goerch <jhr.walter@t-online.de>
Co-authored-by: slaren <slarengh@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Kerfuffle <44031344+KerfuffleV2@users.noreply.github.com>

1 files changed, 718 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/gguf.py b/gguf.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9776649c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gguf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
+import shutil
+import sys
+import struct
+import tempfile
+import numpy as np
+
+from enum import IntEnum, auto
+from typing import Any, IO, List, Optional
+
+#
+# constants
+#
+
+GGUF_MAGIC             = 0x46554747
+GGUF_VERSION           = 1
+GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT = 32
+
+# general
+KEY_GENERAL_ARCHITECTURE         = "general.architecture"
+KEY_GENERAL_QUANTIZATION_VERSION = "general.quantization_version"
+KEY_GENERAL_ALIGNMENT            = "general.alignment"
+KEY_GENERAL_NAME                 = "general.name"
+KEY_GENERAL_AUTHOR               = "general.author"
+KEY_GENERAL_URL                  = "general.url"
+KEY_GENERAL_DESCRIPTION          = "general.description"
+KEY_GENERAL_LICENSE              = "general.license"
+KEY_GENERAL_SOURCE_URL           = "general.source.url"
+KEY_GENERAL_SOURCE_HF_REPO       = "general.source.hugginface.repository"
+
+# LLM
+KEY_LLM_CONTEXT_LENGTH        = "{arch}.context_length"
+KEY_LLM_EMBEDDING_LENGTH      = "{arch}.embedding_length"
+KEY_LLM_BLOCK_COUNT           = "{arch}.block_count"
+KEY_LLM_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH   = "{arch}.feed_forward_length"
+KEY_LLM_USE_PARALLEL_RESIDUAL = "{arch}.use_parallel_residual"
+KEY_LLM_TENSOR_DATA_LAYOUT    = "{arch}.tensor_data_layout"
+
+# attention
+KEY_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT        = "{arch}.attention.head_count"
+KEY_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT_KV     = "{arch}.attention.head_count_kv"
+KEY_ATTENTION_MAX_ALIBI_BIAS    = "{arch}.attention.max_alibi_bias"
+KEY_ATTENTION_CLAMP_KQV         = "{arch}.attention.clamp_kqv"
+KEY_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_EPS     = "{arch}.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"
+KEY_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS = "{arch}.attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"
+
+# RoPE
+KEY_ROPE_DIMENSION_COUNT = "{arch}.rope.dimension_count"
+KEY_ROPE_SCALE_LINEAR    = "{arch}.rope.scale_linear"
+
+# tokenization
+KEY_TOKENIZER_MODEL      = "tokenizer.ggml.model"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_LIST       = "tokenizer.ggml.tokens"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_TOKEN_TYPE = "tokenizer.ggml.token_type"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_SCORES     = "tokenizer.ggml.scores"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_MERGES     = "tokenizer.ggml.merges"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_BOS_ID     = "tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_EOS_ID     = "tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_UNK_ID     = "tokenizer.ggml.unknown_token_id"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_SEP_ID     = "tokenizer.ggml.seperator_token_id"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_PAD_ID     = "tokenizer.ggml.padding_token_id"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_HF_JSON    = "tokenizer.huggingface.json"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_RWKV       = "tokenizer.rwkv.world"
+
+
+#
+# recommended mapping of model tensor names for storage in gguf
+#
+
+
+class MODEL_ARCH(IntEnum):
+    LLAMA   = auto()
+    FALCON  = auto()
+    GPT2    = auto()
+    GPTJ    = auto()
+    GPTNEOX = auto()
+    MPT     = auto()
+
+
+class MODEL_TENSOR(IntEnum):
+    TOKEN_EMBD    = auto()
+    POS_EMBD      = auto()
+    OUTPUT        = auto()
+    OUTPUT_NORM   = auto()
+    ROPE_FREQS    = auto()
+    ATTN_Q        = auto()
+    ATTN_K        = auto()
+    ATTN_V        = auto()
+    ATTN_QKV      = auto()
+    ATTN_OUT      = auto()
+    ATTN_NORM     = auto()
+    ATTN_NORM_2   = auto()
+    ATTN_ROT_EMBD = auto()
+    FFN_GATE      = auto()
+    FFN_DOWN      = auto()
+    FFN_UP        = auto()
+    FFN_NORM      = auto()
+
+
+MODEL_ARCH_NAMES = {
+    MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA:   "llama",
+    MODEL_ARCH.FALCON:  "falcon",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPT2:    "gpt2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPTJ:    "gptj",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPTNEOX: "gptneox",
+    MODEL_ARCH.MPT:     "mpt",
+}
+
+MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES = {
+    MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA: {
+        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD:    "token_embd",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM:   "output_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT:        "output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FREQS:    "rope_freqs",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM:     "blk.{bid}.attn_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q:        "blk.{bid}.attn_q",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_K:        "blk.{bid}.attn_k",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_V:        "blk.{bid}.attn_v",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT:      "blk.{bid}.attn_output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_ROT_EMBD: "blk.{bid}.attn_rot_embd",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_NORM:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_gate",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_down",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP:        "blk.{bid}.ffn_up",
+    },
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPTNEOX: {
+        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD:    "token_embd",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM:   "output_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT:        "output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM:     "blk.{bid}.attn_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_QKV:      "blk.{bid}.attn_qkv",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT:      "blk.{bid}.attn_output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_NORM:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_down",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP:        "blk.{bid}.ffn_up",
+    },
+    MODEL_ARCH.FALCON: {
+        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD:  "token_embd",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM: "output_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT:      "output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM:   "blk.{bid}.attn_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM_2: "blk.{bid}.attn_norm_2",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_QKV:    "blk.{bid}.attn_qkv",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT:    "blk.{bid}.attn_output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN:    "blk.{bid}.ffn_down",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_up",
+    },
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPT2: {
+        # TODO
+    },
+    # TODO
+}
+
+# tensors that will not be serialized
+MODEL_TENSOR_SKIP = {
+    MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA: [
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FREQS,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_ROT_EMBD,
+    ],
+}
+
+
+# TODO: the following helper functions should be removed
+#       instead, get_tensor_name_map should return tuples of (name, MODEL_TENSOR)
+#       however, my Python is very bad, and I couldn't figure out how to do this, hence these functions
+# REMOVE
+def should_skip_tensor_TMP(arch: MODEL_ARCH, n_blocks: int, name: str) -> bool:
+    for skip in MODEL_TENSOR_SKIP.get(arch, []):
+        for i in range(n_blocks):
+            if name == MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch][skip].format(bid=i):
+                return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def get_tensor_name_map(arch: MODEL_ARCH, n_blocks: int) -> dict:
+    tensor_map = {}
+
+    # Token embeddings
+    mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD, None)
+
+    tensor_map["gpt_neox.embed_in"]           = mapped_to  # gptneox
+    tensor_map["transformer.wte"]             = mapped_to  # gpt2 mpt
+    tensor_map["transformer.word_embeddings"] = mapped_to  # falcon
+    tensor_map["model.embed_tokens"]          = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+    tensor_map["tok_embeddings"]              = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+    # Position embeddings
+    mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.POS_EMBD, None)
+
+    tensor_map["transformer.wpe"] = mapped_to  # gpt2
+
+    # Output
+    mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT, None)
+
+    tensor_map["embed_out"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+    tensor_map["lm_head"]   = mapped_to  # gpt2 mpt falcon llama-hf
+    tensor_map["output"]    = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+    # Output norm
+    mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM, None)
+
+    tensor_map["gpt_neox.final_layer_norm"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+    tensor_map["transformer.ln_f"]          = mapped_to  # gpt2 falcon
+    tensor_map["transformer.norm_f"]        = mapped_to  # mpt
+    tensor_map["model.norm"]                = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+    tensor_map["norm"]                      = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+    # Rope frequencies
+    mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FREQS, None)
+
+    tensor_map["rope.freqs"] = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+    # Attention and feed-forward blocks
+    for i in range(0, n_blocks):
+        # Attention norm
+        # TODO: is there are simpler way to write these 2 lines in Python?
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".input_layernorm"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".ln_1"]              = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".norm_1"]       = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".input_layernorm"]   = mapped_to  # falcon7b
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".ln_mlp"]            = mapped_to  # falcon40b
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".input_layernorm"]    = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention_norm"]           = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Attention norm 2
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM_2, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".ln_attn"] = mapped_to  # falcon40b
+
+        # Attention query-key-value
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_QKV, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".attention.query_key_value"]    = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".attn.c_attn"]                    = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".attn.Wqkv"]                 = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".self_attention.query_key_value"] = mapped_to  # falcon
+
+        # Attention query
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".self_attn.q_proj"] = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention.wq"]           = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Attention key
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_K, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".self_attn.k_proj"] = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention.wk"]           = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Attention value
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_V, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".self_attn.v_proj"] = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention.wv"]           = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Attention output
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".attention.dense"]    = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".attn.c_proj"]          = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".attn.out_proj"]   = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".self_attention.dense"] = mapped_to  # falcon
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".self_attn.o_proj"]      = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention.wo"]                = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Rotary embeddings
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_ROT_EMBD, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".self_attn.rotary_emb.inv_freq"]  = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention.inner_attention.rope.freqs"] = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Feed-forward norm
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_NORM, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".post_attention_layernorm"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".ln_2"]                       = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".norm_2"]                = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".post_attention_layernorm"]    = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".ffn_norm"]                          = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Feed-forward up
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".mlp.dense_h_to_4h"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".mlp.c_fc"]            = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".ffn.up_proj"]    = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".mlp.dense_h_to_4h"]   = mapped_to  # falcon
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".mlp.up_proj"]          = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".feed_forward.w3"]            = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Feed-forward gate
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".mlp.gate_proj"] = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".feed_forward.w1"]     = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Feed-forward down
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".mlp.dense_4h_to_h"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".mlp.c_proj"]          = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".ffn.down_proj"]  = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".mlp.dense_4h_to_h"]   = mapped_to  # falcon
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".mlp.down_proj"]        = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".feed_forward.w2"]            = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+    return tensor_map
+
+
+class TokenType(IntEnum):
+    NORMAL       = 1
+    UNKNOWN      = 2
+    CONTROL      = 3
+    USER_DEFINED = 4
+    UNUSED       = 5
+    BYTE         = 6
+
+#
+# implementation
+#
+
+
+class GGMLQuantizationType(IntEnum):
+    F32  = 0
+    F16  = 1
+    Q4_0 = 2
+    Q4_1 = 3
+    Q5_0 = 6
+    Q5_1 = 7
+    Q8_0 = 8
+    Q8_1 = 9
+    Q2_K = 10
+    Q3_K = 11
+    Q4_K = 12
+    Q5_K = 13
+    Q6_K = 14
+    Q8_K = 15
+
+
+class GGUFValueType(IntEnum):
+    UINT8   = 0
+    INT8    = 1
+    UINT16  = 2
+    INT16   = 3
+    UINT32  = 4
+    INT32   = 5
+    FLOAT32 = 6
+    BOOL    = 7
+    STRING  = 8
+    ARRAY   = 9
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_type(val):
+        if isinstance(val, str) or isinstance(val, bytes) or isinstance(val, bytearray):
+            return GGUFValueType.STRING
+        elif isinstance(val, list):
+            return GGUFValueType.ARRAY
+        elif isinstance(val, float):
+            return GGUFValueType.FLOAT32
+        elif isinstance(val, bool):
+            return GGUFValueType.BOOL
+        elif isinstance(val, int):
+            return GGUFValueType.INT32
+        else:
+            print("Unknown type: "+str(type(val)))
+            sys.exit()
+
+
+class GGUFWriter:
+    def __init__(self, path: str, arch: str, use_temp_file = True):
+        self.fout = open(path, "wb")
+        self.arch = arch
+        self.offset_tensor = 0
+        self.data_alignment = GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT
+        self.kv_data = b""
+        self.kv_data_count = 0
+        self.ti_data = b""
+        self.ti_data_count = 0
+        self.add_architecture()
+        self.use_temp_file = use_temp_file
+        self.tensors = []
+
+    def write_header_to_file(self):
+        self.fout.write(struct.pack("<I", GGUF_MAGIC))
+        self.fout.write(struct.pack("<I", GGUF_VERSION))
+        self.fout.write(struct.pack("<I", self.ti_data_count))
+        self.fout.write(struct.pack("<I", self.kv_data_count))
+        self.flush()
+#        print("tensors " + str(self.ti_data_count) + " kv " + str(self.kv_data_count))
+
+    def write_kv_data_to_file(self):
+        self.fout.write(self.kv_data)
+        self.flush()
+
+    def write_ti_data_to_file(self):
+        self.fout.write(self.ti_data)
+        self.flush()
+
+    def add_key(self, key: str):
+        self.add_val(key, GGUFValueType.STRING, add_vtype=False)
+
+    def add_uint8(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.UINT8)
+
+    def add_int8(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.INT8)
+
+    def add_uint16(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.UINT16)
+
+    def add_int16(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.INT16)
+
+    def add_uint32(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.UINT32)
+
+    def add_int32(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.INT32)
+
+    def add_float32(self, key: str, val: float):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.FLOAT32)
+
+    def add_bool(self, key: str, val: bool):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.BOOL)
+
+    def add_string(self, key: str, val: str):
+        if len(val) == 0:
+            return
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.STRING)
+
+    def add_array(self, key: str, val: list):
+        if not isinstance(val, list):
+            raise ValueError("Value must be a list for array type")
+
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.ARRAY)
+
+    def add_val(self: str, val: Any, vtype: GGUFValueType = None, add_vtype: bool = True):
+        if vtype is None:
+            vtype = GGUFValueType.get_type(val)
+
+        if add_vtype:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<I", vtype)
+            self.kv_data_count += 1
+
+        if vtype == GGUFValueType.UINT8:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<B", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.INT8:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<b", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.UINT16:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<H", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.INT16:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<h", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.UINT32:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<I", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.INT32:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<i", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.FLOAT32:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<f", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.BOOL:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("?", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.STRING:
+            encoded_val = val.encode("utf8") if isinstance(val, str) else val
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<I", len(encoded_val))
+            self.kv_data += encoded_val
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.ARRAY:
+            ltype = set([GGUFValueType.get_type(item) for item in val])
+            assert len(ltype) == 1, "All items in a GGUF array should be of the same type"
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<I", list(ltype)[0])
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<I", len(val))
+            for item in val:
+                self.add_val(item, add_vtype=False)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid GGUF metadata value type")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def ggml_pad(x: int, n: int) -> int:
+        return ((x + n - 1) // n) * n
+
+    def add_tensor_info(self, name: str, tensor_shape: np.ndarray, tensor_dtype: np.dtype, tensor_nbytes: int, raw_dtype: Optional[GGMLQuantizationType] = None):
+        assert raw_dtype is not None or tensor_dtype in (np.float32, np.float16), "Only F32 and F16 tensors are supported for now"
+
+        encoded_name = name.encode("utf8")
+        self.ti_data += struct.pack("<I", len(encoded_name))
+        self.ti_data += encoded_name
+        n_dims = len(tensor_shape)
+        self.ti_data += struct.pack("<I", n_dims)
+        for i in range(n_dims):
+            self.ti_data += struct.pack("<I", tensor_shape[n_dims - 1 - i])
+        if raw_dtype is None:
+            dtype = GGMLQuantizationType.F32 if tensor_dtype == np.float32 else GGMLQuantizationType.F16
+        else:
+            dtype = raw_dtype
+        self.ti_data += struct.pack("<I", dtype)
+        self.ti_data += struct.pack("<Q", self.offset_tensor)
+        self.offset_tensor += GGUFWriter.ggml_pad(tensor_nbytes, self.data_alignment)
+        self.ti_data_count += 1
+
+    def add_tensor(self, name: str, tensor: np.ndarray, raw_shape: Optional[np.ndarray] = None, raw_dtype: Optional[GGMLQuantizationType] = None):
+        if self.use_temp_file and not hasattr(self, "temp_file"):
+            self.temp_file = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(mode="w+b", max_size=256*1024*1024)
+            self.temp_file.seek(0)
+
+        self.add_tensor_info(name, raw_shape if raw_shape is not None else tensor.shape, tensor.dtype, tensor.nbytes, raw_dtype = raw_dtype)
+
+        pad = GGUFWriter.ggml_pad(tensor.nbytes, self.data_alignment) - tensor.nbytes
+
+        if not self.use_temp_file:
+            self.tensors.append((tensor, pad))
+            return
+
+        tensor.tofile(self.temp_file)
+
+        if pad != 0:
+            self.temp_file.write(bytes([0] * pad))
+
+    def write_tensor_data(self, tensor: np.ndarray):
+        pad = GGUFWriter.ggml_pad(self.fout.tell(), self.data_alignment) - self.fout.tell()
+        if pad != 0:
+            self.fout.write(bytes([0] * pad))
+
+        tensor.tofile(self.fout)
+
+        pad = GGUFWriter.ggml_pad(tensor.nbytes, self.data_alignment) - tensor.nbytes
+        if pad != 0:
+            self.fout.write(bytes([0] * pad))
+
+    def write_tensors_to_file(self):
+        self.write_ti_data_to_file()
+
+        pad = GGUFWriter.ggml_pad(self.fout.tell(), self.data_alignment) - self.fout.tell()
+        if pad != 0:
+            self.fout.write(bytes([0] * pad))
+
+        if not self.use_temp_file:
+            for (currtensor, currpad) in self.tensors:
+                currtensor.tofile(self.fout)
+                if currpad != 0:
+                    self.fout.write(bytes([0] * currpad))
+            return
+
+        self.temp_file.seek(0)
+
+        shutil.copyfileobj(self.temp_file, self.fout)
+        self.flush()
+        self.temp_file.close()
+
+    def flush(self):
+        self.fout.flush()
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.fout.close()
+
+    def add_architecture(self):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_ARCHITECTURE, self.arch)
+
+    def add_author(self, author: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_AUTHOR, author)
+
+    def add_tensor_data_layout(self, layout: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_LLM_TENSOR_DATA_LAYOUT.format(arch=self.arch), layout)
+
+    def add_url(self, url: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_URL, url)
+
+    def add_description(self, description: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_DESCRIPTION, description)
+
+    def add_source_url(self, url: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_SOURCE_URL, url)
+
+    def add_source_hf_repo(self, repo: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_SOURCE_HF_REPO, repo)
+
+    def add_name(self, name: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_NAME, name)
+
+    def add_quantization_version(self, quantization_version: GGMLQuantizationType):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_GENERAL_QUANTIZATION_VERSION, quantization_version)
+
+    def add_custom_alignment(self, alignment: int):
+        self.data_alignment = alignment
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_GENERAL_ALIGNMENT, alignment)
+
+    def add_context_length(self, length: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_LLM_CONTEXT_LENGTH.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_embedding_length(self, length: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_LLM_EMBEDDING_LENGTH.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_block_count(self, length: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_LLM_BLOCK_COUNT.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_feed_forward_length(self, length: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_LLM_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_parallel_residual(self, use: bool):
+        self.add_bool(
+            KEY_LLM_USE_PARALLEL_RESIDUAL.format(arch=self.arch), use)
+
+    def add_tensor_data_layout(self, layout: str):
+        self.add_string(
+            KEY_LLM_TENSOR_DATA_LAYOUT.format(arch=self.arch), layout)
+
+    def add_head_count(self, count: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT.format(arch=self.arch), count)
+
+    def add_head_count_kv(self, count: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT_KV.format(arch=self.arch), count)
+
+    def add_max_alibi_bias(self, bias: float):
+        self.add_float32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_MAX_ALIBI_BIAS.format(arch=self.arch), bias)
+
+    def add_clamp_kqv(self, value: float):
+        self.add_float32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_CLAMP_KQV.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
+    def add_layer_norm_eps(self, value: float):
+        self.add_float32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_EPS.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
+    def add_layer_norm_rms_eps(self, value: float):
+        self.add_float32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
+    def add_rope_dimension_count(self, count: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_ROPE_DIMENSION_COUNT.format(arch=self.arch), count)
+
+    def add_rope_scale_linear(self, value:  float):
+        self.add_float32(KEY_ROPE_SCALE_LINEAR.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
+    def add_tokenizer_model(self, model: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_TOKENIZER_MODEL, model)
+
+    def add_token_list(self, tokens: List):
+        self.add_array(KEY_TOKENIZER_LIST, tokens)
+
+    def add_token_merges(self, merges: List):
+        self.add_array(KEY_TOKENIZER_MERGES, merges)
+
+    def add_token_types(self, types: List[int]):
+        self.add_array(KEY_TOKENIZER_TOKEN_TYPE, types)
+
+    def add_token_scores(self, scores: List[float]):
+        self.add_array(KEY_TOKENIZER_SCORES, scores)
+
+    def add_bos_token_id(self, id: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_TOKENIZER_BOS_ID, id)
+
+    def add_eos_token_id(self, id: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_TOKENIZER_EOS_ID, id)
+
+    def add_unk_token_id(self, id: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_TOKENIZER_UNK_ID, id)
+
+    def add_sep_token_id(self, id: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_TOKENIZER_SEP_ID, id)
+
+    def add_pad_token_id(self, id: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_TOKENIZER_PAD_ID, id)
+
+
+# Example usage:
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # Example usage with a file
+    gguf_writer = GGUFWriter("example.gguf", "llama")
+
+    gguf_writer.add_architecture()
+    gguf_writer.add_block_count(12)
+    gguf_writer.add_uint32("answer", 42)  # Write a 32-bit integer
+    gguf_writer.add_float32("answer_in_float", 42.0)  # Write a 32-bit float
+    gguf_writer.add_custom_alignment(64)
+
+    tensor1 = np.ones((32,), dtype=np.float32) * 100.0
+    tensor2 = np.ones((64,), dtype=np.float32) * 101.0
+    tensor3 = np.ones((96,), dtype=np.float32) * 102.0
+
+    gguf_writer.add_tensor("tensor1", tensor1)
+    gguf_writer.add_tensor("tensor2", tensor2)
+    gguf_writer.add_tensor("tensor3", tensor3)
+
+    gguf_writer.write_header_to_file()
+    gguf_writer.write_kv_data_to_file()
+    gguf_writer.write_tensors_to_file()
+
+    gguf_writer.close()