#pragma once

#include <string.h>
#include <mbstring.h>
#include <wchar.h>

#ifdef __MINGW32__
#include <limits.h>

__inline size_t strnlen(const char *string, size_t maxlen)
{
	const char *end = (const char *)memchr ((const void *)string, '\0', maxlen);
	return end ? (size_t) (end - string) : maxlen;
}
__inline size_t wcsnlen(const wchar_t *string, size_t maxlen)
{
	const wchar_t *end = wmemchr (string, L'\0', maxlen);
	return end ? (size_t) (end - string) : maxlen;
}

/* FIXME: This may be wrong assumption about _AtlGetConversionACP */
#define _AtlGetConversionACP() CP_THREAD_ACP
/* FIXME: This is unsafe */
#define memcpy_s(dest,size,src,count) memcpy(dest,src,count)
/* FIXME: This is quite silly implementation of _mbsstr */
#define _mbsstr(str,search) strstr((const char *)str,(const char *)search)
#define __max(x,y) (((x)<(y))?(y):(x))
#endif /* __MINGW32__ */

struct CMStringData
{
	int nDataLength;  // Length of currently used data in XCHARs (not including terminating null)
	int nAllocLength;  // Length of allocated data in XCHARs (not including terminating null)
	long nRefs;     // Reference count: negative == locked
	// XCHAR data[nAllocLength+1]  // A CStringData is always followed in memory by the actual array of character data
	void* data();
	void AddRef();
	bool IsLocked() const;
	bool IsShared() const;
	void Lock();
	void Release();
	void Unlock();
};

class CNilMStringData : public CMStringData
{
public:
	CNilMStringData();

public:
	wchar_t achNil[2];
};

template< typename BaseType = char >
class ChTraitsBase
{
public:
	typedef char XCHAR;
	typedef LPSTR PXSTR;
	typedef LPCSTR PCXSTR;
	typedef wchar_t YCHAR;
	typedef LPWSTR PYSTR;
	typedef LPCWSTR PCYSTR;
};

template<>
class ChTraitsBase< wchar_t >
{
public:
	typedef wchar_t XCHAR;
	typedef LPWSTR PXSTR;
	typedef LPCWSTR PCXSTR;
	typedef char YCHAR;
	typedef LPSTR PYSTR;
	typedef LPCSTR PCYSTR;
};

class CMBaseString
{
public:
	static CMStringData* Allocate(int nChars, int nCharSize);
	static void Free(CMStringData* pData);
	static CMStringData* Realloc(CMStringData* pData, int nChars, int nCharSize);

protected:
	static CMStringData* GetNilString();
	static CNilMStringData m_nil;
};

template< typename BaseType >
class CMSimpleStringT : public CMBaseString
{
public:
	typedef typename ChTraitsBase< BaseType >::XCHAR XCHAR;
	typedef typename ChTraitsBase< BaseType >::PXSTR PXSTR;
	typedef typename ChTraitsBase< BaseType >::PCXSTR PCXSTR;
	typedef typename ChTraitsBase< BaseType >::YCHAR YCHAR;
	typedef typename ChTraitsBase< BaseType >::PYSTR PYSTR;
	typedef typename ChTraitsBase< BaseType >::PCYSTR PCYSTR;

public:
	explicit CMSimpleStringT()
	{
		CMStringData* pData = GetNilString();
		Attach(pData);
	}

	CMSimpleStringT(const CMSimpleStringT& strSrc)
	{
		CMStringData* pSrcData = strSrc.GetData();
		CMStringData* pNewData = CloneData(pSrcData);
		Attach(pNewData);
	}

	CMSimpleStringT(PCXSTR pszSrc)
	{
		int nLength = StringLength(pszSrc);
		CMStringData* pData = Allocate(nLength, sizeof(XCHAR));
		if (pData != NULL)
		{
			Attach(pData);
			SetLength(nLength);
			CopyChars(m_pszData, nLength, pszSrc, nLength);
		}
	}
	CMSimpleStringT(const XCHAR* pchSrc, int nLength)
	{
		CMStringData* pData = Allocate(nLength, sizeof(XCHAR));
		if (pData != NULL)
		{
			Attach(pData);
			SetLength(nLength);
			CopyChars(m_pszData, nLength, pchSrc, nLength);
		}
	}
	~CMSimpleStringT()
	{
		CMStringData* pData = GetData();
		pData->Release();
	}

	operator CMSimpleStringT<BaseType>&()
	{
		return *(CMSimpleStringT<BaseType>*)this;
	}

	CMSimpleStringT& operator=(const CMSimpleStringT& strSrc)
	{
		CMStringData* pSrcData = strSrc.GetData();
		CMStringData* pOldData = GetData();
		if (pSrcData != pOldData)
		{
			if (pOldData->IsLocked())
				SetString(strSrc.GetString(), strSrc.GetLength());
			else
			{
				CMStringData* pNewData = CloneData(pSrcData);
				pOldData->Release();
				Attach(pNewData);
			}
		}

		return *this;
	}

	CMSimpleStringT& operator=(PCXSTR pszSrc)
	{
		SetString(pszSrc);
		return *this;
	}

	CMSimpleStringT& operator+=(const CMSimpleStringT& strSrc)
	{
		Append(strSrc);

		return *this;
	}

	CMSimpleStringT& operator+=(PCXSTR pszSrc)
	{
		Append(pszSrc);

		return *this;
	}
	CMSimpleStringT& operator+=(char ch)
	{
		AppendChar(XCHAR(ch));

		return *this;
	}
	CMSimpleStringT& operator+=(unsigned char ch)
	{
		AppendChar(XCHAR(ch));

		return *this;
	}
	CMSimpleStringT& operator+=(wchar_t ch)
	{
		AppendChar(XCHAR(ch));

		return *this;
	}

	XCHAR operator[](int iChar) const
	{
		return m_pszData[iChar];
	}

	operator PCXSTR() const
	{
		return m_pszData;
	}

	PCXSTR c_str() const
	{
		return m_pszData;
	}

	void Append(PCXSTR pszSrc)
	{
		Append(pszSrc, StringLength(pszSrc));
	}
	void Append(PCXSTR pszSrc, int nLength)
	{
		// See comment in SetString() about why we do this
		UINT_PTR nOffset = pszSrc - GetString();

		UINT nOldLength = GetLength();
		if (nOldLength < 0)
		{
			// protects from underflow
			nOldLength = 0;
		}

		//Make sure we don't read pass end of the terminating NULL
		int nSrcLength = StringLength(pszSrc);
		nLength = nLength > nSrcLength ? nSrcLength: nLength;

		int nNewLength = nOldLength+nLength;
		PXSTR pszBuffer = GetBuffer(nNewLength);
		if (nOffset <= nOldLength)
		{
			pszSrc = pszBuffer+nOffset;
			// No need to call CopyCharsOverlapped, since the destination is
			// beyond the end of the original buffer
		}
		CopyChars(pszBuffer+nOldLength, nLength, pszSrc, nLength);
		ReleaseBufferSetLength(nNewLength);
	}
	void AppendChar(XCHAR ch)
	{
		UINT nOldLength = GetLength();
		int nNewLength = nOldLength+1;
		PXSTR pszBuffer = GetBuffer(nNewLength);
		pszBuffer[nOldLength] = ch;
		ReleaseBufferSetLength(nNewLength);
	}
	void Append(const CMSimpleStringT& strSrc)
	{
		Append(strSrc.GetString(), strSrc.GetLength());
	}
	void Empty()
	{
		CMStringData* pOldData = GetData();
		if (pOldData->nDataLength == 0)
			return;

		if (pOldData->IsLocked())
		{
			// Don't reallocate a locked buffer that's shrinking
			SetLength(0);
		}
		else
		{
			pOldData->Release();
			CMStringData* pNewData = GetNilString();
			Attach(pNewData);
		}
	}
	void FreeExtra()
	{
		CMStringData* pOldData = GetData();
		int nLength = pOldData->nDataLength;
		if (pOldData->nAllocLength == nLength)
			return;

		if ( !pOldData->IsLocked())  // Don't reallocate a locked buffer that's shrinking
		{
			CMStringData* pNewData = Allocate(nLength, sizeof(XCHAR));
			if (pNewData == NULL) {
				SetLength(nLength);
				return;
			}

			CopyChars(PXSTR(pNewData->data()), nLength, PCXSTR(pOldData->data()), nLength);

			pOldData->Release();
			Attach(pNewData);
			SetLength(nLength);
		}
	}

	int GetAllocLength() const
	{
		return GetData()->nAllocLength;
	}
	XCHAR GetAt(int iChar) const
	{
		return m_pszData[iChar];
	}
	PXSTR GetBuffer()
	{
		CMStringData* pData = GetData();
		if (pData->IsShared())
			Fork(pData->nDataLength);

		return m_pszData;
	}
	PXSTR GetBuffer(int nMinBufferLength)
	{
		return PrepareWrite(nMinBufferLength);
	}
	PXSTR GetBufferSetLength(int nLength)
	{
		PXSTR pszBuffer = GetBuffer(nLength);
		SetLength(nLength);

		return pszBuffer;
	}
	int GetLength() const
	{
		return GetData()->nDataLength;
	}

	PCXSTR GetString() const
	{
		return m_pszData;
	}
	bool IsEmpty() const
	{
		return GetLength() == 0;
	}
	PXSTR LockBuffer()
	{
		CMStringData* pData = GetData();
		if (pData->IsShared())
		{
			Fork(pData->nDataLength);
			pData = GetData();  // Do it again, because the fork might have changed it
		}
		pData->Lock();

		return m_pszData;
	}
	void UnlockBuffer() 
	{
		CMStringData* pData = GetData();
		pData->Unlock();
	}
	void Preallocate(int nLength)
	{
		PrepareWrite(nLength);
	}
	void ReleaseBuffer(int nNewLength = -1)
	{
		if (nNewLength == -1)
		{
			int nAlloc = GetData()->nAllocLength;
			nNewLength = StringLengthN(m_pszData, nAlloc);
		}
		SetLength(nNewLength);
	}
	void ReleaseBufferSetLength(int nNewLength)
	{
		SetLength(nNewLength);
	}
	void Truncate(int nNewLength)
	{
		GetBuffer(nNewLength);
		ReleaseBufferSetLength(nNewLength);
	}
	void SetAt(int iChar, XCHAR ch)
	{
		int nLength = GetLength();
		PXSTR pszBuffer = GetBuffer();
		pszBuffer[iChar] = ch;
		ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength);

	}
	void SetString(PCXSTR pszSrc)
	{
		SetString(pszSrc, StringLength(pszSrc));
	}
	void SetString(PCXSTR pszSrc, int nLength)
	{
		if (nLength == 0)
		{
			Empty();
		}
		else
		{

			UINT nOldLength = GetLength();
			UINT_PTR nOffset = pszSrc - GetString();

			PXSTR pszBuffer = GetBuffer(nLength);
			if (nOffset <= nOldLength)
			{
				CopyCharsOverlapped(pszBuffer, GetAllocLength(), 
					pszBuffer+nOffset, nLength);
			}
			else
			{
				CopyChars(pszBuffer, GetAllocLength(), pszSrc, nLength);
			}
			ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength);
		}
	}
public:
	friend CMSimpleStringT __stdcall operator+(const CMSimpleStringT& str1, const CMSimpleStringT& str2)
	{
		CMSimpleStringT s;

		Concatenate(s, str1, str1.GetLength(), str2, str2.GetLength());

		return s;
	}

	friend CMSimpleStringT __stdcall operator+(const CMSimpleStringT& str1, PCXSTR psz2)
	{
		CMSimpleStringT s;

		Concatenate(s, str1, str1.GetLength(), psz2, StringLength(psz2));

		return s;
	}

	friend CMSimpleStringT __stdcall operator+(PCXSTR psz1, const CMSimpleStringT& str2)
	{
		CMSimpleStringT s;

		Concatenate(s, psz1, StringLength(psz1), str2, str2.GetLength());

		return s;
	}

	static void __stdcall CopyChars(XCHAR* pchDest, const XCHAR* pchSrc, int nChars)
	{
#pragma warning (push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
		memcpy(pchDest, pchSrc, nChars * sizeof(XCHAR));
#pragma warning (pop)
	}
	static void __stdcall CopyChars(XCHAR* pchDest, size_t nDestLen, const XCHAR* pchSrc, int nChars)
	{
		#if _MSC_VER >= 1400
			memcpy_s(pchDest, nDestLen * sizeof(XCHAR), pchSrc, nChars * sizeof(XCHAR));
		#else
			memcpy(pchDest, pchSrc, nDestLen * sizeof(XCHAR));
		#endif
	}

	static void __stdcall CopyCharsOverlapped(XCHAR* pchDest, const XCHAR* pchSrc, int nChars)
	{
#pragma warning (push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
		memmove(pchDest, pchSrc, nChars * sizeof(XCHAR));
#pragma warning (pop)
	}
	static void __stdcall CopyCharsOverlapped(XCHAR* pchDest, size_t nDestLen, const XCHAR* pchSrc, int nChars)
	{
		#if _MSC_VER >= 1400
			memmove_s(pchDest, nDestLen * sizeof(XCHAR), pchSrc, nChars * sizeof(XCHAR));
		#else
			memmove(pchDest, pchSrc, nDestLen * sizeof(XCHAR));
		#endif
	}
	static int __stdcall StringLength(const char* psz)
	{
		if (psz == NULL)
		{
			return(0);
		}
		return (int(strlen(psz)));
	}
	static int __stdcall StringLength(const wchar_t* psz)
	{
		if (psz == NULL)
			return 0;

		return int(wcslen(psz));
	}
	static int __stdcall StringLengthN(const char* psz, size_t sizeInXChar)
	{
		if (psz == NULL)
			return 0;

		return int(strnlen(psz, sizeInXChar));
	}
	static int __stdcall StringLengthN(const wchar_t* psz, size_t sizeInXChar)
	{
		if (psz == NULL)
			return 0;

		return int(wcsnlen(psz, sizeInXChar));
	}
protected:
	static void __stdcall Concatenate(CMSimpleStringT& strResult, PCXSTR psz1, int nLength1, PCXSTR psz2, int nLength2)
	{
		int nNewLength = nLength1+nLength2;
		PXSTR pszBuffer = strResult.GetBuffer(nNewLength);
		CopyChars(pszBuffer, nLength1, psz1, nLength1);
		CopyChars(pszBuffer + nLength1, nLength2, psz2, nLength2);
		strResult.ReleaseBufferSetLength(nNewLength);
	}
	// Implementation
private:
	void Attach(CMStringData* pData)
	{
		m_pszData = static_cast<PXSTR>(pData->data());
	}
	void Fork(int nLength)
	{
		CMStringData* pOldData = GetData();
		int nOldLength = pOldData->nDataLength;
		CMStringData* pNewData = Allocate(nLength, sizeof(XCHAR));
		if (pNewData != NULL)
		{
			int nCharsToCopy = ((nOldLength < nLength) ? nOldLength : nLength)+1;  // Copy '\0'
			CopyChars(PXSTR(pNewData->data()), nCharsToCopy, PCXSTR(pOldData->data()), nCharsToCopy);
			pNewData->nDataLength = nOldLength;
			pOldData->Release();
			Attach(pNewData);
		}
	}
	CMStringData* GetData() const
	{
		return (reinterpret_cast<CMStringData *>(m_pszData) - 1);
	}
	PXSTR PrepareWrite(int nLength)
	{
		CMStringData* pOldData = GetData();
		int nShared = 1 - pOldData->nRefs;  // nShared < 0 means true, >= 0 means false
		int nTooShort = pOldData->nAllocLength-nLength;  // nTooShort < 0 means true, >= 0 means false
		if ((nShared | nTooShort) < 0)  // If either sign bit is set (i.e. either is less than zero), we need to copy data
			PrepareWrite2(nLength);

		return m_pszData;
	}
	void PrepareWrite2(int nLength)
	{
		CMStringData* pOldData = GetData();
		if (pOldData->nDataLength > nLength)
			nLength = pOldData->nDataLength;

		if (pOldData->IsShared())
		{
			Fork(nLength);
		}
		else if (pOldData->nAllocLength < nLength)
		{
			// Grow exponentially, until we hit 1K.
			int nNewLength = pOldData->nAllocLength;
			if (nNewLength > 1024)
				nNewLength += 1024;
			else
				nNewLength *= 2;

			if (nNewLength < nLength)
				nNewLength = nLength;

			Reallocate(nNewLength);
		}
	}
	void Reallocate(int nLength)
	{
		CMStringData* pOldData = GetData();
		if (pOldData->nAllocLength >= nLength || nLength <= 0)
			return;

		CMStringData* pNewData = Realloc(pOldData, nLength, sizeof(XCHAR));
		if (pNewData != NULL)
			Attach(pNewData);
	}

	void SetLength(int nLength)
	{
		GetData()->nDataLength = nLength;
		m_pszData[nLength] = 0;
	}

	static CMStringData* __stdcall CloneData(CMStringData* pData)
	{
		CMStringData* pNewData = NULL;

		if ( !pData->IsLocked()) {
			pNewData = pData;
			pNewData->AddRef();
		}

		return pNewData;
	}

public :
	//	typedef CStrBufT<BaseType> CStrBuf;
private:
	PXSTR m_pszData;
};


template< typename _CharType = char >
class ChTraitsCRT : public ChTraitsBase< _CharType >
{
public:
	static char* __stdcall CharNext(const char* p)
	{
		return reinterpret_cast< char* >(_mbsinc(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(p)));
	}

	static int __stdcall IsDigit(char ch)
	{
		return _ismbcdigit(ch);
	}

	static int __stdcall IsSpace(char ch)
	{
		return _ismbcspace(ch);
	}

	static int __stdcall StringCompare(LPCSTR pszA, LPCSTR pszB)
	{
		return _mbscmp(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszA), reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszB));
	}

	static int __stdcall StringCompareIgnore(LPCSTR pszA, LPCSTR pszB)
	{
		return _mbsicmp(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszA), reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszB));
	}

	static int __stdcall StringCollate(LPCSTR pszA, LPCSTR pszB)
	{
		return _mbscoll(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszA), reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszB));
	}

	static int __stdcall StringCollateIgnore(LPCSTR pszA, LPCSTR pszB)
	{
		return _mbsicoll(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszA), reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszB));
	}

	static LPCSTR __stdcall StringFindString(LPCSTR pszBlock, LPCSTR pszMatch)
	{
		return reinterpret_cast< LPCSTR >(_mbsstr(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszBlock),
			reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszMatch)));
	}

	static LPSTR __stdcall StringFindString(LPSTR pszBlock, LPCSTR pszMatch)
	{
		return const_cast< LPSTR >(StringFindString(const_cast< LPCSTR >(pszBlock), pszMatch));
	}

	static LPCSTR __stdcall StringFindChar(LPCSTR pszBlock, char chMatch)
	{
		return reinterpret_cast< LPCSTR >(_mbschr(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszBlock), (unsigned char)chMatch));
	}

	static LPCSTR __stdcall StringFindCharRev(LPCSTR psz, char ch)
	{
		return reinterpret_cast< LPCSTR >(_mbsrchr(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(psz), (unsigned char)ch));
	}

	static LPCSTR __stdcall StringScanSet(LPCSTR pszBlock, LPCSTR pszMatch)
	{
		return reinterpret_cast< LPCSTR >(_mbspbrk(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszBlock),
			reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszMatch)));
	}

	static int __stdcall StringSpanIncluding(LPCSTR pszBlock, LPCSTR pszSet)
	{
		return (int)_mbsspn(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszBlock), reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszSet));
	}

	static int __stdcall StringSpanExcluding(LPCSTR pszBlock, LPCSTR pszSet)
	{
		return (int)_mbscspn(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszBlock), reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pszSet));
	}

	static LPSTR __stdcall StringUppercase(LPSTR psz)
	{
#pragma warning (push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
		return reinterpret_cast< LPSTR >(_mbsupr(reinterpret_cast< unsigned char* >(psz)));
#pragma warning (pop)
	}

	static LPSTR __stdcall StringLowercase(LPSTR psz)
	{
#pragma warning (push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
		return reinterpret_cast< LPSTR >(_mbslwr(reinterpret_cast< unsigned char* >(psz)));
#pragma warning (pop)
	}

	static LPSTR __stdcall StringUppercase(LPSTR psz, size_t size)
	{
		#if _MSC_VER >= 1400
			_mbsupr_s(reinterpret_cast< unsigned char* >(psz), size);
		#else
			_mbsupr(reinterpret_cast< unsigned char* >(psz));
		#endif
		return psz;
	}

	static LPSTR __stdcall StringLowercase(LPSTR psz, size_t size)
	{
		#if _MSC_VER >= 1400
			_mbslwr_s(reinterpret_cast< unsigned char* >(psz), size);
		#else
			_mbslwr(reinterpret_cast< unsigned char* >(psz));
		#endif
		return psz;
	}

	static LPSTR __stdcall StringReverse(LPSTR psz)
	{
		return reinterpret_cast< LPSTR >(_mbsrev(reinterpret_cast< unsigned char* >(psz)));
	}

	static int __stdcall GetFormattedLength(LPCSTR pszFormat, va_list args);

	static int __stdcall Format(LPSTR pszBuffer, size_t nlength, LPCSTR pszFormat, va_list args);

	static int __stdcall GetBaseTypeLength(LPCSTR pszSrc)
	{
		// Returns required buffer length in XCHARs
		return int(strlen(pszSrc));
	}

	static int __stdcall GetBaseTypeLength(LPCSTR pszSrc, int nLength)
	{
		(void)pszSrc;
		// Returns required buffer length in XCHARs
		return nLength;
	}

	static int __stdcall GetBaseTypeLength(LPCWSTR pszSource)
	{
		// Returns required buffer length in XCHARs
		return ::WideCharToMultiByte(_AtlGetConversionACP(), 0, pszSource, -1, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL)-1;
	}

	static int __stdcall GetBaseTypeLength(LPCWSTR pszSource, int nLength)
	{
		// Returns required buffer length in XCHARs
		return ::WideCharToMultiByte(_AtlGetConversionACP(), 0, pszSource, nLength, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
	}

	static void __stdcall ConvertToBaseType(LPSTR pszDest, int nDestLength, LPCSTR pszSrc, int nSrcLength = -1)
	{
		if (nSrcLength == -1) { nSrcLength=1 + GetBaseTypeLength(pszSrc); }
		// nLen is in XCHARs
		memcpy_s(pszDest, nDestLength*sizeof(char), 
			pszSrc, nSrcLength*sizeof(char));
	}

	static void __stdcall ConvertToBaseType(LPSTR pszDest, int nDestLength, LPCWSTR pszSrc, int nSrcLength = -1)
	{
		// nLen is in XCHARs
		::WideCharToMultiByte(_AtlGetConversionACP(), 0, pszSrc, nSrcLength, pszDest, nDestLength, NULL, NULL);
	}

	static void ConvertToOem(_CharType* pstrString)
	{
		BOOL fSuccess=::CharToOemA(pstrString, pstrString);
	}

	static void ConvertToAnsi(_CharType* pstrString)
	{
		BOOL fSuccess=::OemToCharA(pstrString, pstrString);
	}

	static void ConvertToOem(_CharType* pstrString, size_t size)
	{
		if (size>UINT_MAX)
		{
			return;
		}
		DWORD dwSize=static_cast<DWORD>(size);
		BOOL fSuccess=::CharToOemBuffA(pstrString, pstrString, dwSize);
	}

	static void ConvertToAnsi(_CharType* pstrString, size_t size)
	{
		if (size>UINT_MAX)
			return;

		DWORD dwSize=static_cast<DWORD>(size);
		BOOL fSuccess=::OemToCharBuffA(pstrString, pstrString, dwSize);
	}

	static void __stdcall FloodCharacters(char ch, int nLength, char* pch)
	{
		// nLength is in XCHARs
		memset(pch, ch, nLength);
	}

	static BSTR __stdcall AllocSysString(const char* pchData, int nDataLength)
	{
		int nLen = ::MultiByteToWideChar(_AtlGetConversionACP(), 0, pchData, nDataLength, NULL, NULL);
		BSTR bstr = ::SysAllocStringLen(NULL, nLen);
		if (bstr != NULL)
			::MultiByteToWideChar(_AtlGetConversionACP(), 0, pchData, nDataLength, bstr, nLen);

		return bstr;
	}

	static BOOL __stdcall ReAllocSysString(const char* pchData, BSTR* pbstr, int nDataLength)
	{
		int nLen = ::MultiByteToWideChar(_AtlGetConversionACP(), 0, pchData, nDataLength, NULL, NULL);
		BOOL bSuccess = ::SysReAllocStringLen(pbstr, NULL, nLen);
		if (bSuccess)
			::MultiByteToWideChar(_AtlGetConversionACP(), 0, pchData, nDataLength, *pbstr, nLen);

		return bSuccess;
	}

	static int __stdcall SafeStringLen(LPCSTR psz)
	{
		// returns length in bytes
		return (psz != NULL) ? int(strlen(psz)) : 0;
	}

	static int __stdcall SafeStringLen(LPCWSTR psz)
	{
		// returns length in wchar_ts
		return (psz != NULL) ? int(wcslen(psz)) : 0;
	}

	static int __stdcall GetCharLen(const wchar_t* pch)
	{
		// returns char length
		return 1;
	}

	static int __stdcall GetCharLen(const char* pch)
	{
		// returns char length
		return int(_mbclen(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pch)));
	}

	static DWORD __stdcall GetEnvironmentVariable(LPCSTR pszVar, LPSTR pszBuffer, DWORD dwSize)
	{
		return ::GetEnvironmentVariableA(pszVar, pszBuffer, dwSize);
	}
};

// specialization for wchar_t
template<>
class ChTraitsCRT< wchar_t > : public ChTraitsBase< wchar_t >
{
	static DWORD __stdcall _GetEnvironmentVariableW(LPCWSTR pszName, LPWSTR pszBuffer, DWORD nSize)
	{
		return ::GetEnvironmentVariableW(pszName, pszBuffer, nSize);
	}

public:
	static LPWSTR __stdcall CharNext(LPCWSTR psz)
	{
		return const_cast< LPWSTR >(psz+1);
	}

	static int __stdcall IsDigit(wchar_t ch)
	{
		return iswdigit(static_cast<unsigned short>(ch));
	}

	static int __stdcall IsSpace(wchar_t ch)
	{
		return iswspace(static_cast<unsigned short>(ch));
	}

	static int __stdcall StringCompare(LPCWSTR pszA, LPCWSTR pszB)
	{
		return wcscmp(pszA, pszB);
	}

	static int __stdcall StringCompareIgnore(LPCWSTR pszA, LPCWSTR pszB)
	{
		return _wcsicmp(pszA, pszB);
	}

	static int __stdcall StringCollate(LPCWSTR pszA, LPCWSTR pszB)
	{
		return wcscoll(pszA, pszB);
	}

	static int __stdcall StringCollateIgnore(LPCWSTR pszA, LPCWSTR pszB)
	{
		return _wcsicoll(pszA, pszB);
	}

	static LPCWSTR __stdcall StringFindString(LPCWSTR pszBlock, LPCWSTR pszMatch)
	{
		return wcsstr(pszBlock, pszMatch);
	}

	static LPWSTR __stdcall StringFindString(LPWSTR pszBlock, LPCWSTR pszMatch)
	{
		return const_cast< LPWSTR >(StringFindString(const_cast< LPCWSTR >(pszBlock), pszMatch));
	}

	static LPCWSTR __stdcall StringFindChar(LPCWSTR pszBlock, wchar_t chMatch)
	{
		return wcschr(pszBlock, chMatch);
	}

	static LPCWSTR __stdcall StringFindCharRev(LPCWSTR psz, wchar_t ch)
	{
		return wcsrchr(psz, ch);
	}

	static LPCWSTR __stdcall StringScanSet(LPCWSTR pszBlock, LPCWSTR pszMatch)
	{
		return wcspbrk(pszBlock, pszMatch);
	}

	static int __stdcall StringSpanIncluding(LPCWSTR pszBlock, LPCWSTR pszSet)
	{
		return (int)wcsspn(pszBlock, pszSet);
	}

	static int __stdcall StringSpanExcluding(LPCWSTR pszBlock, LPCWSTR pszSet)
	{
		return (int)wcscspn(pszBlock, pszSet);
	}

	static LPWSTR __stdcall StringUppercase(LPWSTR psz)
	{
#pragma warning (push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
		return _wcsupr(psz);
#pragma warning (pop)
	}

	static LPWSTR __stdcall StringLowercase(LPWSTR psz)
	{
#pragma warning (push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
		return _wcslwr(psz);
#pragma warning (pop)
	}

	static LPWSTR __stdcall StringUppercase(LPWSTR psz, size_t)
	{
		return _wcsupr(psz);
	}

	static LPWSTR __stdcall StringLowercase(LPWSTR psz, size_t)
	{
		return _wcslwr(psz);
	}

	static LPWSTR __stdcall StringReverse(LPWSTR psz)
	{
		return _wcsrev(psz);
	}

	static int __stdcall GetFormattedLength(LPCWSTR pszFormat, va_list args);

	static int __stdcall Format(LPWSTR pszBuffer, LPCWSTR pszFormat, va_list args)
	{
#pragma warning (push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
		return vswprintf(pszBuffer, pszFormat, args); //!!!!!!!!!
#pragma warning (pop)
	}

	static int __stdcall Format(LPWSTR pszBuffer, size_t nLength, LPCWSTR pszFormat, va_list args);

	static int __stdcall GetBaseTypeLength(LPCSTR pszSrc)
	{
		// Returns required buffer size in wchar_ts
		return ::MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, pszSrc, -1, NULL, 0)-1;
	}

	static int __stdcall GetBaseTypeLength(LPCSTR pszSrc, int nLength)
	{
		// Returns required buffer size in wchar_ts
		return ::MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, pszSrc, nLength, NULL, 0);
	}

	static int __stdcall GetBaseTypeLength(LPCWSTR pszSrc)
	{
		// Returns required buffer size in wchar_ts
		return (int)wcslen(pszSrc);
	}

	static int __stdcall GetBaseTypeLength(LPCWSTR pszSrc, int nLength)
	{
		(void)pszSrc;
		// Returns required buffer size in wchar_ts
		return nLength;
	}

	static void __stdcall ConvertToBaseType(LPWSTR pszDest, int nDestLength, LPCSTR pszSrc, int nSrcLength = -1)
	{
		// nLen is in wchar_ts
		::MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, pszSrc, nSrcLength, pszDest, nDestLength);
	}

	static void __stdcall ConvertToBaseType(LPWSTR pszDest, int nDestLength, LPCWSTR pszSrc, int nSrcLength = -1)
	{		
		if (nSrcLength == -1) { nSrcLength=1 + GetBaseTypeLength(pszSrc); }
		// nLen is in wchar_ts
		#if _MSC_VER >= 1400
			wmemcpy_s(pszDest, nDestLength, pszSrc, nSrcLength);
		#else
			wmemcpy(pszDest, pszSrc, nDestLength);
		#endif
	}

	static void __stdcall FloodCharacters(wchar_t ch, int nLength, LPWSTR psz)
	{
		// nLength is in XCHARs
		for (int i = 0; i < nLength; i++)
		{
			psz[i] = ch;
		}
	}

	static BSTR __stdcall AllocSysString(const wchar_t* pchData, int nDataLength)
	{
		return ::SysAllocStringLen(pchData, nDataLength);
	}

	static BOOL __stdcall ReAllocSysString(const wchar_t* pchData, BSTR* pbstr, int nDataLength)
	{
		return ::SysReAllocStringLen(pbstr, pchData, nDataLength);
	}

	static int __stdcall SafeStringLen(LPCSTR psz)
	{
		// returns length in bytes
		return (psz != NULL) ? (int)strlen(psz) : 0;
	}

	static int __stdcall SafeStringLen(LPCWSTR psz)
	{
		// returns length in wchar_ts
		return (psz != NULL) ? (int)wcslen(psz) : 0;
	}

	static int __stdcall GetCharLen(const wchar_t* pch)
	{
		(void)pch;
		// returns char length
		return 1;
	}

	static int __stdcall GetCharLen(const char* pch)
	{
		// returns char length
		return (int)(_mbclen(reinterpret_cast< const unsigned char* >(pch)));
	}

	static DWORD __stdcall GetEnvironmentVariable(LPCWSTR pszVar, LPWSTR pszBuffer, DWORD dwSize)
	{
		return _GetEnvironmentVariableW(pszVar, pszBuffer, dwSize);
	}

	static void __stdcall ConvertToOem(LPWSTR /*psz*/)
	{
	}

	static void __stdcall ConvertToAnsi(LPWSTR /*psz*/)
	{
	}

	static void __stdcall ConvertToOem(LPWSTR /*psz*/, size_t)
	{
	}

	static void __stdcall ConvertToAnsi(LPWSTR /*psz*/, size_t) 
	{
	}
};

template< typename BaseType, class StringTraits >
class CMStringT : public CMSimpleStringT< BaseType >
{
public:
	typedef CMSimpleStringT< BaseType> CThisSimpleString;
	typedef typename CThisSimpleString::XCHAR XCHAR;
	typedef typename CThisSimpleString::PXSTR PXSTR;
	typedef typename CThisSimpleString::PCXSTR PCXSTR;
	typedef typename CThisSimpleString::YCHAR YCHAR;
	typedef typename CThisSimpleString::PYSTR PYSTR;
	typedef typename CThisSimpleString::PCYSTR PCYSTR;

public:
	CMStringT() : CThisSimpleString()
	  {
	  }

	  static void __stdcall Construct(CMStringT* pString)
	  {
		  new(pString) CMStringT;
	  }

	  // Copy constructor
	  CMStringT(const CMStringT& strSrc) :
	  CThisSimpleString(strSrc)
	  {
	  }

	  CMStringT(const XCHAR* pszSrc) :
	  CThisSimpleString()
	  {
		  // nDestLength is in XCHARs
		  *this = pszSrc;
	  }

	  CMStringT(const YCHAR* pszSrc) :
	  CThisSimpleString()
	  {
		  *this = pszSrc;
	  }


	  CMStringT(const unsigned char* pszSrc) :
	  CThisSimpleString()
	  {
		  *this = reinterpret_cast< const char* >(pszSrc);
	  }

	  CMStringT(char ch, int nLength = 1) :
	  CThisSimpleString()
	  {
		  if (nLength > 0)
		  {
			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength);
			  StringTraits::FloodCharacters(XCHAR(ch), nLength, pszBuffer);
			  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength);
		  }
	  }

	  CMStringT(wchar_t ch, int nLength = 1) :
	  CThisSimpleString()
	  {
		  if (nLength > 0)
		  {			
			  //Convert ch to the BaseType
			  wchar_t pszCh[2] = { ch , 0 };
			  int nBaseTypeCharLen = 1;

			  if (ch != L'\0')
			  {
				  nBaseTypeCharLen = StringTraits::GetBaseTypeLength(pszCh);
			  }

			  XCHAR *buffBaseTypeChar = new XCHAR[nBaseTypeCharLen+1];
			  StringTraits::ConvertToBaseType(buffBaseTypeChar, nBaseTypeCharLen+1, pszCh, 1);
			  //Allocate enough characters in String and flood (replicate) with the (converted character)*nLength
			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength*nBaseTypeCharLen);
			  if (nBaseTypeCharLen == 1)
			  {   //Optimization for a common case - wide char translates to 1 ansi/wide char.
				  StringTraits::FloodCharacters(buffBaseTypeChar[0], nLength, pszBuffer);				
			  } else
			  {
				  XCHAR* p=pszBuffer;
				  for (int i=0 ; i < nLength ;i++)
				  {
					  for (int j=0 ; j < nBaseTypeCharLen ;++j)
					  {	
						  *p=buffBaseTypeChar[j];
						  ++p;
					  }
				  }
			  }
			  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength*nBaseTypeCharLen);
			  delete [] buffBaseTypeChar;
		  }
	  }

	  CMStringT(const XCHAR* pch, int nLength) :
	  CThisSimpleString(pch, nLength)
	  {
	  }

	  CMStringT(const YCHAR* pch, int nLength) :
	  CThisSimpleString()
	  {
		  if (nLength > 0)
		  {
			  int nDestLength = StringTraits::GetBaseTypeLength(pch, nLength);
			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nDestLength);
			  StringTraits::ConvertToBaseType(pszBuffer, nDestLength, pch, nLength);
			  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nDestLength);
		  }
	  }

	  // Destructor
	  ~CMStringT()
	  {
	  }

	  // Assignment operators
	  CMStringT& operator=(const CMStringT& strSrc)
	  {
		  CThisSimpleString::operator=(strSrc);

		  return *this;
	  }

	  CMStringT& operator=(PCXSTR pszSrc)
	  {
		  CThisSimpleString::operator=(pszSrc);

		  return *this;
	  }

	  CMStringT& operator=(PCYSTR pszSrc)
	  {
		  // nDestLength is in XCHARs
		  int nDestLength = (pszSrc != NULL) ? StringTraits::GetBaseTypeLength(pszSrc) : 0;
		  if (nDestLength > 0)
		  {
			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nDestLength);
			  StringTraits::ConvertToBaseType(pszBuffer, nDestLength, pszSrc);
			  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nDestLength);
		  }
		  else
		  {
			  this->Empty();
		  }

		  return *this;
	  }

	  CMStringT& operator=(const unsigned char* pszSrc)
	  {
		  return operator=(reinterpret_cast< const char* >(pszSrc));
	  }

	  CMStringT& operator=(char ch)
	  {
		  char ach[2] = { ch, 0 };

		  return operator=(ach);
	  }

	  CMStringT& operator=(wchar_t ch)
	  {
		  wchar_t ach[2] = { ch, 0 };

		  return operator=(ach);
	  }

//	  CMStringT& operator=(const VARIANT& var);

	  CMStringT& operator+=(const CMStringT& str)
	  {
		  CThisSimpleString::operator+=(str);
		  return *this;
	  }

	  CMStringT& operator+=(const CThisSimpleString& str)
	  {
		  CThisSimpleString::operator+=(str);
		  return *this;
	  }

	  CMStringT& operator+=(PCXSTR pszSrc)
	  {
		  CThisSimpleString::operator+=(pszSrc);
		  return *this;
	  }
//	  template< int t_nSize >
//	  CMStringT& operator+=(const CStaticString< XCHAR, t_nSize >& strSrc)
//	  {
//		  CThisSimpleString::operator+=(strSrc);
//
//		  return *this;
//	  }
	  CMStringT& operator+=(PCYSTR pszSrc)
	  {
		  CMStringT str(pszSrc);

		  return operator+=(str);
	  }

	  CMStringT& operator+=(char ch)
	  {
		  CThisSimpleString::operator+=(ch);

		  return *this;
	  }

	  CMStringT& operator+=(unsigned char ch)
	  {
		  CThisSimpleString::operator+=(ch);

		  return *this;
	  }

	  CMStringT& operator+=(wchar_t ch)
	  {
		  CThisSimpleString::operator+=(ch);

		  return *this;
	  }

	  // Comparison

	  int Compare(PCXSTR psz) const
	  {
		  return StringTraits::StringCompare(this->GetString(), psz);
	  }

	  int CompareNoCase(PCXSTR psz) const
	  {
		  return StringTraits::StringCompareIgnore(this->GetString(), psz);
	  }

	  int Collate(PCXSTR psz) const
	  {
		  return StringTraits::StringCollate(this->GetString(), psz);
	  }

	  int CollateNoCase(PCXSTR psz) const
	  {
		  return StringTraits::StringCollateIgnore(this->GetString(), psz);
	  }

	  // Advanced manipulation

	  // Delete 'nCount' characters, starting at index 'iIndex'
	  int Delete(int iIndex, int nCount = 1)
	  {
		  if (iIndex < 0)
			  iIndex = 0;

		  if (nCount < 0)
			  nCount = 0;

		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  if (nCount + iIndex > nLength)
		  {
			  nCount = nLength-iIndex;
		  }
		  if (nCount > 0)
		  {
			  int nNewLength = nLength-nCount;
			  int nXCHARsToCopy = nLength-(iIndex+nCount)+1;
			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer();
				#if _MSC_VER >= 1400
				  memmove_s(pszBuffer+iIndex, nXCHARsToCopy*sizeof(XCHAR), pszBuffer+iIndex+nCount, nXCHARsToCopy*sizeof(XCHAR));
				#else
				  memmove(pszBuffer+iIndex, pszBuffer+iIndex+nCount, nXCHARsToCopy*sizeof(XCHAR));
				#endif
			  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nNewLength);
		  }

		  return this->GetLength();
	  }

	  // Insert character 'ch' before index 'iIndex'
	  int Insert(int iIndex, XCHAR ch)
	  {
		  if (iIndex < 0)
			  iIndex = 0;

			if (iIndex > this->GetLength())
				iIndex = this->GetLength();

			int nNewLength = this->GetLength()+1;

			PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nNewLength);

		  // move existing bytes down 
			#if _MSC_VER >= 1400
				memmove_s(pszBuffer+iIndex+1, (nNewLength-iIndex)*sizeof(XCHAR), pszBuffer+iIndex, (nNewLength-iIndex)*sizeof(XCHAR));
			#else
				memmove(pszBuffer+iIndex+1, pszBuffer+iIndex, (nNewLength-iIndex)*sizeof(XCHAR));
			#endif
			pszBuffer[iIndex] = ch;

			this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nNewLength);
			return nNewLength;
		}

		// Insert string 'psz' before index 'iIndex'
		int Insert(int iIndex, PCXSTR psz)
	  {
		  if (iIndex < 0)
			  iIndex = 0;

		  if (iIndex > this->GetLength())
		  {
			  iIndex = this->GetLength();
		  }

		  // nInsertLength and nNewLength are in XCHARs
		  int nInsertLength = StringTraits::SafeStringLen(psz);
		  int nNewLength = this->GetLength();
		  if (nInsertLength > 0)
		  {
			  nNewLength += nInsertLength;

			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nNewLength);
			  // move existing bytes down 
				#if _MSC_VER >= 1400
					memmove_s(pszBuffer+iIndex+nInsertLength, (nNewLength-iIndex-nInsertLength+1)*sizeof(XCHAR), pszBuffer+iIndex, (nNewLength-iIndex-nInsertLength+1)*sizeof(XCHAR));
					memcpy_s(pszBuffer+iIndex, nInsertLength*sizeof(XCHAR), psz, nInsertLength*sizeof(XCHAR));
				#else
					memmove(pszBuffer+iIndex+nInsertLength, pszBuffer+iIndex, (nNewLength-iIndex-nInsertLength+1)*sizeof(XCHAR));
					memcpy(pszBuffer+iIndex, psz, nInsertLength*sizeof(XCHAR));
				#endif
			  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nNewLength);
		  }

		  return nNewLength;
	  }

	  // Replace all occurrences of character 'chOld' with character 'chNew'
	  int Replace(XCHAR chOld, XCHAR chNew)
	  {
		  int nCount = 0;

		  // short-circuit the nop case
		  if (chOld != chNew)
		  {
			  // otherwise modify each character that matches in the string
			  bool bCopied = false;
			  PXSTR pszBuffer = const_cast< PXSTR >(this->GetString());  // We don't actually write to pszBuffer until we've called GetBuffer().

			  int nLength = this->GetLength();
			  int iChar = 0;
			  while(iChar < nLength)
			  {
				  // replace instances of the specified character only
				  if (pszBuffer[iChar] == chOld)
				  {
					  if ( !bCopied)
					  {
						  bCopied = true;
						  pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength);
					  }
					  pszBuffer[iChar] = chNew;
					  nCount++;
				  }
				  iChar = int(StringTraits::CharNext(pszBuffer+iChar)-pszBuffer);
			  }
			  if (bCopied)
			  {
				  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength);
			  }
		  }

		  return nCount;
	  }

	  // Replace all occurrences of string 'pszOld' with string 'pszNew'
	  int Replace(PCXSTR pszOld, PCXSTR pszNew)
	  {
		  // can't have empty or NULL lpszOld

		  // nSourceLen is in XCHARs
		  int nSourceLen = StringTraits::SafeStringLen(pszOld);
		  if (nSourceLen == 0)
			  return 0;
		  // nReplacementLen is in XCHARs
		  int nReplacementLen = StringTraits::SafeStringLen(pszNew);

		  // loop once to figure out the size of the result string
		  int nCount = 0;
		  {
			  PCXSTR pszStart = this->GetString();
			  PCXSTR pszEnd = pszStart+this->GetLength();
			  while(pszStart < pszEnd)
			  {
				  PCXSTR pszTarget;
				  while((pszTarget = StringTraits::StringFindString(pszStart, pszOld)) != NULL)
				  {
					  nCount++;
					  pszStart = pszTarget+nSourceLen;
				  }
				  pszStart += StringTraits::SafeStringLen(pszStart)+1;
			  }
		  }

		  // if any changes were made, make them
		  if (nCount > 0)
		  {
			  // if the buffer is too small, just
			  //   allocate a new buffer (slow but sure)
			  int nOldLength = this->GetLength();
			  int nNewLength = nOldLength+(nReplacementLen-nSourceLen)*nCount;

			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(__max(nNewLength, nOldLength));

			  PXSTR pszStart = pszBuffer;
			  PXSTR pszEnd = pszStart+nOldLength;

			  // loop again to actually do the work
			  while(pszStart < pszEnd)
			  {
				  PXSTR pszTarget;
				  while((pszTarget = StringTraits::StringFindString(pszStart, pszOld)) != NULL)
				  {
					  int nBalance = nOldLength-int(pszTarget-pszBuffer+nSourceLen);
					  memmove_s(pszTarget+nReplacementLen, nBalance*sizeof(XCHAR), 
						  pszTarget+nSourceLen, nBalance*sizeof(XCHAR));
					  memcpy_s(pszTarget, nReplacementLen*sizeof(XCHAR), 
						  pszNew, nReplacementLen*sizeof(XCHAR));
					  pszStart = pszTarget+nReplacementLen;
					  pszTarget[nReplacementLen+nBalance] = 0;
					  nOldLength += (nReplacementLen-nSourceLen);
				  }
				  pszStart += StringTraits::SafeStringLen(pszStart)+1;
			  }
			  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nNewLength);
		  }

		  return nCount;
	  }

	  // Remove all occurrences of character 'chRemove'
	  int Remove(XCHAR chRemove)
	  {
		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength);

		  PXSTR pszSource = pszBuffer;
		  PXSTR pszDest = pszBuffer;
		  PXSTR pszEnd = pszBuffer+nLength;

		  while(pszSource < pszEnd)
		  {
			  PXSTR pszNewSource = StringTraits::CharNext(pszSource);
			  if (*pszSource != chRemove)
			  {
				  // Copy the source to the destination.  Remember to copy all bytes of an MBCS character
				  // Copy the source to the destination.  Remember to copy all bytes of an MBCS character
				  size_t NewSourceGap = (pszNewSource-pszSource);
				  PXSTR pszNewDest = pszDest + NewSourceGap;
				  size_t i = 0;
				  for (i = 0;  pszDest != pszNewDest && i < NewSourceGap; i++)
				  {
					  *pszDest = *pszSource;
					  pszSource++;
					  pszDest++;
				  }
			  }
			  pszSource = pszNewSource;
		  }
		  *pszDest = 0;
		  int nCount = int(pszSource-pszDest);
		  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength-nCount);

		  return nCount;
	  }

	  CMStringT Tokenize(PCXSTR pszTokens, int& iStart) const
	  {
		  if ((pszTokens == NULL) || (*pszTokens == (XCHAR)0))
		  {
			  if (iStart < this->GetLength())
				  return CMStringT(this->GetString()+iStart);
		  }
		  else
		  {
			  PCXSTR pszPlace = this->GetString()+iStart;
			  PCXSTR pszEnd = this->GetString()+this->GetLength();
			  if (pszPlace < pszEnd)
			  {
				  int nIncluding = StringTraits::StringSpanIncluding(pszPlace, pszTokens);

				  if ((pszPlace+nIncluding) < pszEnd)
				  {
					  pszPlace += nIncluding;
					  int nExcluding = StringTraits::StringSpanExcluding(pszPlace, pszTokens);

					  int iFrom = iStart+nIncluding;
					  int nUntil = nExcluding;
					  iStart = iFrom+nUntil+1;

					  return Mid(iFrom, nUntil);
				  }
			  }
		  }

		  // return empty string, done tokenizing
		  iStart = -1;

		  return CMStringT();
	  }

	  // find routines

	  // Find the first occurrence of character 'ch', starting at index 'iStart'
	  int Find(XCHAR ch, int iStart = 0) const
	  {
		  // nLength is in XCHARs
		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  if (iStart < 0 || iStart >= nLength)
			  return -1;

		  // find first single character
		  PCXSTR psz = StringTraits::StringFindChar(this->GetString()+iStart, ch);

		  // return -1 if not found and index otherwise
		  return (psz == NULL) ? -1 : int(psz-this->GetString());
	  }

	  // look for a specific sub-string

	  // Find the first occurrence of string 'pszSub', starting at index 'iStart'
	  int Find(PCXSTR pszSub, int iStart = 0) const
	  {
		  // iStart is in XCHARs
		  if (pszSub == NULL)
			  return -1;

		  // nLength is in XCHARs
		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  if (iStart < 0 || iStart > nLength)
			  return -1;

		  // find first matching substring
		  PCXSTR psz = StringTraits::StringFindString(this->GetString()+iStart, pszSub);

		  // return -1 for not found, distance from beginning otherwise
		  return (psz == NULL) ? -1 : int(psz-this->GetString());
	  }

	  // Find the first occurrence of any of the characters in string 'pszCharSet'
	  int FindOneOf(PCXSTR pszCharSet) const
	  {
		  PCXSTR psz = StringTraits::StringScanSet(this->GetString(), pszCharSet);
		  return (psz == NULL) ? -1 : int(psz-this->GetString());
	  }

	  // Find the last occurrence of character 'ch'
	  int ReverseFind(XCHAR ch) const
	  {
		  // find last single character
		  PCXSTR psz = StringTraits::StringFindCharRev(this->GetString(), ch);

		  // return -1 if not found, distance from beginning otherwise
		  return (psz == NULL) ? -1 : int(psz-this->GetString());
	  }

	  // manipulation

	  // Convert the string to uppercase
	  CMStringT& MakeUpper()
	  {
		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength);
		  StringTraits::StringUppercase(pszBuffer, nLength+1);
		  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength);

		  return *this;
	  }

	  // Convert the string to lowercase
	  CMStringT& MakeLower()
	  {
		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength);
		  StringTraits::StringLowercase(pszBuffer, nLength+1);
		  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength);

		  return *this;
	  }

	  // Reverse the string
	  CMStringT& MakeReverse()
	  {
		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength);
		  StringTraits::StringReverse(pszBuffer);
		  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength);

		  return *this;
	  }

	  // trimming

	  // Remove all trailing whitespace
	  CMStringT& TrimRight()
	  {
		  // find beginning of trailing spaces by starting
		  // at beginning (DBCS aware)

		  PCXSTR psz = this->GetString();
		  PCXSTR pszLast = NULL;

		  while(*psz != 0)
		  {
			  if (StringTraits::IsSpace(*psz))
			  {
				  if (pszLast == NULL)
					  pszLast = psz;
			  }
			  else
			  {
				  pszLast = NULL;
			  }
			  psz = StringTraits::CharNext(psz);
		  }

		  if (pszLast != NULL)
		  {
			  // truncate at trailing space start
			  int iLast = int(pszLast-this->GetString());

			  this->Truncate(iLast);
		  }

		  return *this;
	  }

	  // Remove all leading whitespace
	  CMStringT& TrimLeft()
	  {
		  // find first non-space character

		  PCXSTR psz = this->GetString();

		  while(StringTraits::IsSpace(*psz))
		  {
			  psz = StringTraits::CharNext(psz);
		  }

		  if (psz != this->GetString())
		  {
			  // fix up data and length
			  int iFirst = int(psz-this->GetString());
			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(this->GetLength());
			  psz = pszBuffer+iFirst;
			  int nDataLength = this->GetLength()-iFirst;
			  memmove_s(pszBuffer, (this->GetLength()+1)*sizeof(XCHAR), 
				  psz, (nDataLength+1)*sizeof(XCHAR));
			  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nDataLength);
		  }

		  return *this;
	  }

	  // Remove all leading and trailing whitespace
	  CMStringT& Trim()
	  {
		  return TrimRight().TrimLeft();
	  }

	  // Remove all leading and trailing occurrences of character 'chTarget'
	  CMStringT& Trim(XCHAR chTarget)
	  {
		  return TrimRight(chTarget).TrimLeft(chTarget);
	  }

	  // Remove all leading and trailing occurrences of any of the characters in the string 'pszTargets'
	  CMStringT& Trim(PCXSTR pszTargets)
	  {
		  return TrimRight(pszTargets).TrimLeft(pszTargets);
	  }

	  // trimming anything (either side)

	  // Remove all trailing occurrences of character 'chTarget'
	  CMStringT& TrimRight(XCHAR chTarget)
	  {
		  // find beginning of trailing matches
		  // by starting at beginning (DBCS aware)

		  PCXSTR psz = this->GetString();
		  PCXSTR pszLast = NULL;

		  while(*psz != 0)
		  {
			  if (*psz == chTarget)
			  {
				  if (pszLast == NULL)
				  {
					  pszLast = psz;
				  }
			  }
			  else
			  {
				  pszLast = NULL;
			  }
			  psz = StringTraits::CharNext(psz);
		  }

		  if (pszLast != NULL)
		  {
			  // truncate at left-most matching character  
			  int iLast = int(pszLast-this->GetString());
			  this->Truncate(iLast);
		  }

		  return *this;
	  }

	  // Remove all trailing occurrences of any of the characters in string 'pszTargets'
	  CMStringT& TrimRight(PCXSTR pszTargets)
	  {
		  // if we're not trimming anything, we're not doing any work
		  if ((pszTargets == NULL) || (*pszTargets == 0))
		  {
			  return *this;
		  }

		  // find beginning of trailing matches
		  // by starting at beginning (DBCS aware)

		  PCXSTR psz = this->GetString();
		  PCXSTR pszLast = NULL;

		  while(*psz != 0)
		  {
			  if (StringTraits::StringFindChar(pszTargets, *psz) != NULL)
			  {
				  if (pszLast == NULL)
				  {
					  pszLast = psz;
				  }
			  }
			  else
			  {
				  pszLast = NULL;
			  }
			  psz = StringTraits::CharNext(psz);
		  }

		  if (pszLast != NULL)
		  {
			  // truncate at left-most matching character  
			  int iLast = int(pszLast-this->GetString());
			  this->Truncate(iLast);
		  }

		  return *this;
	  }

	  // Remove all leading occurrences of character 'chTarget'
	  CMStringT& TrimLeft(XCHAR chTarget)
	  {
		  // find first non-matching character
		  PCXSTR psz = this->GetString();

		  while(chTarget == *psz)
		  {
			  psz = StringTraits::CharNext(psz);
		  }

		  if (psz != this->GetString())
		  {
			  // fix up data and length
			  int iFirst = int(psz-this->GetString());
			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(this->GetLength());
			  psz = pszBuffer+iFirst;
			  int nDataLength = this->GetLength()-iFirst;
			  memmove_s(pszBuffer, (this->GetLength()+1)*sizeof(XCHAR), 
				  psz, (nDataLength+1)*sizeof(XCHAR));
			  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nDataLength);
		  }

		  return *this;
	  }

	  // Remove all leading occurrences of any of the characters in string 'pszTargets'
	  CMStringT& TrimLeft(PCXSTR pszTargets)
	  {
		  // if we're not trimming anything, we're not doing any work
		  if ((pszTargets == NULL) || (*pszTargets == 0))
		  {
			  return *this;
		  }

		  PCXSTR psz = this->GetString();
		  while((*psz != 0) && (StringTraits::StringFindChar(pszTargets, *psz) != NULL))
		  {
			  psz = StringTraits::CharNext(psz);
		  }

		  if (psz != this->GetString())
		  {
			  // fix up data and length
			  int iFirst = int(psz-this->GetString());
			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(this->GetLength());
			  psz = pszBuffer+iFirst;
			  int nDataLength = this->GetLength()-iFirst;
			  memmove_s(pszBuffer, (this->GetLength()+1)*sizeof(XCHAR), 
				  psz, (nDataLength+1)*sizeof(XCHAR));
			  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nDataLength);
		  }

		  return *this;
	  }

	  // Convert the string to the OEM character set
	  void AnsiToOem()
	  {
		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength);
		  StringTraits::ConvertToOem(pszBuffer, nLength+1);
		  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength);
	  }

	  // Convert the string to the ANSI character set
	  void OemToAnsi()
	  {
		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength);
		  StringTraits::ConvertToAnsi(pszBuffer, nLength+1);
		  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength);
	  }

	  // Very simple sub-string extraction

	  // Return the substring starting at index 'iFirst'
	  CMStringT Mid(int iFirst) const
	  {
		  return Mid(iFirst, this->GetLength()-iFirst);
	  }

	  // Return the substring starting at index 'iFirst', with length 'nCount'
	  CMStringT Mid(int iFirst, int nCount) const
	  {
		  // nCount is in XCHARs

		  // out-of-bounds requests return sensible things
		  if (iFirst < 0)
			  iFirst = 0;
		  if (nCount < 0)
			  nCount = 0;

		  if ((iFirst + nCount) > this->GetLength())
			  nCount = this->GetLength()-iFirst;

		  if (iFirst > this->GetLength())
			  nCount = 0;

		  // optimize case of returning entire string
		  if ((iFirst == 0) && ((iFirst+nCount) == this->GetLength()))
			  return *this;

		  return CMStringT(this->GetString()+iFirst, nCount);
	  }

	  // Return the substring consisting of the rightmost 'nCount' characters
	  CMStringT Right(int nCount) const
	  {
		  // nCount is in XCHARs
		  if (nCount < 0)
			  nCount = 0;

		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  if (nCount >= nLength)
		  {
			  return *this;
		  }

		  return CMStringT(this->GetString()+nLength-nCount, nCount);
	  }

	  // Return the substring consisting of the leftmost 'nCount' characters
	  CMStringT Left(int nCount) const
	  {
		  // nCount is in XCHARs
		  if (nCount < 0)
			  nCount = 0;

		  int nLength = this->GetLength();
		  if (nCount >= nLength)
			  return *this;

		  return CMStringT(this->GetString(), nCount);
	  }

	  // Return the substring consisting of the leftmost characters in the set 'pszCharSet'
	  CMStringT SpanIncluding(PCXSTR pszCharSet) const
	  {
		  return Left(StringTraits::StringSpanIncluding(this->GetString(), pszCharSet));
	  }

	  // Return the substring consisting of the leftmost characters not in the set 'pszCharSet'
	  CMStringT SpanExcluding(PCXSTR pszCharSet) const
	  {
		  return Left(StringTraits::StringSpanExcluding(this->GetString(), pszCharSet));
	  }

	  // Format data using format string 'pszFormat'
	  void Format(PCXSTR pszFormat, ...);

	  // Append formatted data using format string 'pszFormat'
	  void AppendFormat(PCXSTR pszFormat, ...);

	  void AppendFormatV(PCXSTR pszFormat, va_list args)
	  {
		  int nCurrentLength = this->GetLength();
		  int nAppendLength = StringTraits::GetFormattedLength(pszFormat, args);
		  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nCurrentLength+nAppendLength);
		  StringTraits::Format(pszBuffer+nCurrentLength, 
			  nAppendLength+1, pszFormat, args);
		  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nCurrentLength+nAppendLength);
	  }

	  void FormatV(PCXSTR pszFormat, va_list args)
	  {
		  int nLength = StringTraits::GetFormattedLength(pszFormat, args);
		  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength);
		  StringTraits::Format(pszBuffer, nLength+1, pszFormat, args);
		  this->ReleaseBufferSetLength(nLength);
	  }

	  // OLE BSTR support

	  // Allocate a BSTR containing a copy of the string
	  BSTR AllocSysString() const
	  {
		  BSTR bstrResult = StringTraits::AllocSysString(this->GetString(), this->GetLength());
		  return bstrResult;
	  }

	  BSTR SetSysString(BSTR* pbstr) const
	  {
		  StringTraits::ReAllocSysString(this->GetString(), pbstr, this->GetLength());
		  return *pbstr;
	  }

	  // Set the string to the value of environment variable 'pszVar'
	  BOOL GetEnvironmentVariable(PCXSTR pszVar)
	  {
		  ULONG nLength = StringTraits::GetEnvironmentVariable(pszVar, NULL, 0);
		  BOOL bRetVal = FALSE;

		  if (nLength == 0)
		  {
			  this->Empty();
		  }
		  else
		  {
			  PXSTR pszBuffer = this->GetBuffer(nLength);
			  StringTraits::GetEnvironmentVariable(pszVar, pszBuffer, nLength);
			  this->ReleaseBuffer();
			  bRetVal = TRUE;
		  }

		  return bRetVal;
	  }

	  // Load the string from resource 'nID'
	  BOOL LoadString(UINT nID)
	  {
		  HINSTANCE hInst = StringTraits::FindStringResourceInstance(nID);
		  if (hInst == NULL)
			  return FALSE;

		  return LoadString(hInst, nID);
	  }

	  friend CMStringT __stdcall operator+(const CMStringT& str1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  CMStringT strResult;

		  Concatenate(strResult, str1, str1.GetLength(), str2, str2.GetLength());

		  return strResult;
	  }

	  friend CMStringT __stdcall operator+(const CMStringT& str1, PCXSTR psz2)
	  {
		  CMStringT strResult;

		  Concatenate(strResult, str1, str1.GetLength(), psz2, StringLength(psz2));

		  return strResult;
	  }

	  friend CMStringT __stdcall operator+(PCXSTR psz1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  CMStringT strResult;

		  Concatenate(strResult, psz1, StringLength(psz1), str2, str2.GetLength());

		  return strResult;
	  }

	  friend CMStringT __stdcall operator+(const CMStringT& str1, wchar_t ch2)
	  {
		  CMStringT strResult;
		  XCHAR chTemp = XCHAR(ch2);

		  Concatenate(strResult, str1, str1.GetLength(), &chTemp, 1);

		  return strResult;
	  }

	  friend CMStringT __stdcall operator+(const CMStringT& str1, char ch2)
	  {
		  CMStringT strResult;
		  XCHAR chTemp = XCHAR(ch2);

		  Concatenate(strResult, str1, str1.GetLength(), &chTemp, 1);

		  return strResult;
	  }

	  friend CMStringT __stdcall operator+(wchar_t ch1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  CMStringT strResult;
		  XCHAR chTemp = XCHAR(ch1);

		  Concatenate(strResult, &chTemp, 1, str2, str2.GetLength());

		  return strResult;
	  }

	  friend CMStringT __stdcall operator+(char ch1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  CMStringT strResult;
		  XCHAR chTemp = XCHAR(ch1);

		  Concatenate(strResult, &chTemp, 1, str2, str2.GetLength());

		  return strResult;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator==(const CMStringT& str1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(str2) == 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator==(const CMStringT& str1, PCXSTR psz2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(psz2) == 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator==(PCXSTR psz1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str2.Compare(psz1) == 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator==(const CMStringT& str1, PCYSTR psz2)
	  {
		  CMStringT str2(psz2);

		  return str1 == str2;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator==(PCYSTR psz1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  CMStringT str1(psz1);

		  return str1 == str2;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator!=(const CMStringT& str1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(str2) != 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator!=(const CMStringT& str1, PCXSTR psz2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(psz2) != 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator!=(PCXSTR psz1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str2.Compare(psz1) != 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator!=(const CMStringT& str1, PCYSTR psz2)
	  {
		  CMStringT str2(psz2);

		  return str1 != str2;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator!=(PCYSTR psz1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  CMStringT str1(psz1);

		  return str1 != str2;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator<(const CMStringT& str1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(str2) < 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator<(const CMStringT& str1, PCXSTR psz2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(psz2) < 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator<(PCXSTR psz1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str2.Compare(psz1) > 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator>(const CMStringT& str1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(str2) > 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator>(const CMStringT& str1, PCXSTR psz2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(psz2) > 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator>(PCXSTR psz1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str2.Compare(psz1) < 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator<=(const CMStringT& str1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(str2) <= 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator<=(const CMStringT& str1, PCXSTR psz2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(psz2) <= 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator<=(PCXSTR psz1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str2.Compare(psz1) >= 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator>=(const CMStringT& str1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(str2) >= 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator>=(const CMStringT& str1, PCXSTR psz2)
	  {
		  return str1.Compare(psz2) >= 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator>=(PCXSTR psz1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return str2.Compare(psz1) <= 0;
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator==(XCHAR ch1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return (str2.GetLength() == 1) && (str2[0] == ch1);
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator==(const CMStringT& str1, XCHAR ch2)
	  {
		  return (str1.GetLength() == 1) && (str1[0] == ch2);
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator!=(XCHAR ch1, const CMStringT& str2)
	  {
		  return (str2.GetLength() != 1) || (str2[0] != ch1);
	  }

	  friend bool __stdcall operator!=(const CMStringT& str1, XCHAR ch2)
	  {
		  return (str1.GetLength() != 1) || (str1[0] != ch2);
	  }
};

template< typename BaseType, class StringTraits >
inline void CMStringT<BaseType, StringTraits>::Format(PCXSTR pszFormat, ...)
{
	va_list argList;
	va_start(argList, pszFormat);
	FormatV(pszFormat, argList);
	va_end(argList);
}

template< typename BaseType, class StringTraits >
inline void CMStringT<BaseType, StringTraits>::AppendFormat(PCXSTR pszFormat, ...)
{
	va_list argList;
	va_start(argList, pszFormat);
	AppendFormatV(pszFormat, argList);
	va_end(argList);
}

typedef CMStringT< wchar_t, ChTraitsCRT< wchar_t > > CMStringW;
typedef CMStringT< char, ChTraitsCRT< char > > CMStringA;
typedef CMStringT< TCHAR, ChTraitsCRT< TCHAR > > CMString;